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THE
ZOOLOGICAL
JOURNAL. ©
VOL. 1.
FROM MARCH, 1824, TO JANUARY, 1825.
CONDUCTED EY Ls THOMAS BELL, Ese. F.L.S. JOHN GEORGE CHILDREN, Eso. F.R. & L.S,
ET;
AND A, A, ROYER, AU JARDIN DES PLANTES A PARIS.
Api] 1895.
May 4 US plementary Palis MEE
К з at Lp C
THE
ZOOLOGICAL
VOL. I.
FROM MARCH, 1824, TO JANUARY, 1825.
CONDUCTED BY X ы THOMAS BELL, Ese. F. L.S. JOHN GEORGE CHILDREN, Exo. F.R. & L.$, JAMES DE CARLE SOWERBY, Ese. F. L.S.
AND
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY W. PHILLIPS, GEORGE YARD, LOMBARD STREET
SOLD ALSO BY G. B. SOWERBY, 156, REGENT STREET ; Ww. & c. TAIT, EDINBURGH 5 AND A. A. ROYER, AU JARDIN DES PLANTES A PARIS.
$ \ ? 24 | 1895.
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INTRODUCTION.
Tue principalobjects of the ZooLocicaL JounNAL have alréady been stated in the Prospectus which preceded its publication, but it may be well to recapitulate them in this short introduction to our first number, which we have at length the honour of submitting to our subscribers. Some apology, however, may first be necessary for the delay which has taken place in its appearance. "When we origi- nally announced it for the first day of the present year, we were confident that it would be in our power to redeem our pledge, but circumstances occurred that compelled us, how- ever unwillingly, to postpone the publication to the Ist of March.
It is not necessary to dwell on the utility of works of this nature, the store-houses as they may be called of the natural sciences, where a multitude of new and interesting facts are daily preserved, which might otherwise remain in the bo- soms of their discoverers, or only be partially dispersed through small circles by the vague and often inaccurate me- thod of oral communication. The usefulness of periodical journals is indeed amply attested by the numbers that weekly, monthly, and quarterly issue from the press; the want of a journal exclusively devoted to Zoology in all its branches,
iv Introduction.
by the fact that amongst all those just alluded to there is not one, at least in England, of this class.—Pudet hec oppro- bria nobis et dici potuisse,—we will not finish the line— the potuisse refelli we hope will be found in the pre- sent work; and that it may be we look with confidence to our fellow countrymen and to learned foreigners for the benefit of their assistance in our arduous undertaking. Without such assistance indeed, neither ourselves nor, we think, any other set of men would be bold enough to enter on the task—for the undivided attention of many would be in- competent to it; and even were it otherwise, undivided attention is in the power of few—certainly not in that of either of the conductors of this journal. But it is time to particularize the objects of it, from which our friends and readers, and the scientific world at large, will understand the course we mean to pursue, and the nature of the aids we solicit from their liberality and patronage.
Original Memoirs and Monographs will take the prece- Feng in our pages, The subjects of Zoological Classifica- tion—Comparative Anatomy—particular Classes, Families, Genera, and Species—Animal Chemistry—Paleontography and Nomenclature are amongst the most important. The first is obviously dependant on a sufficient knowledge of the Structure of animal bodies, and the analogies that may be traced in this respect from the least to the most perfect, whence Comparative Anatomy, on which that knowledge depends, claims a very high rank in Zoological researches.
We particularly request our correspondents, foreign and domestic, to keep this subject constantly in view, convinced that no arrangement can be sound and stable, which is not. founded on that important science. It has, at length, in great measure rescued one branch of natural history from the confusion and absurdity in which, whilst the structure of the habitation only and not that of the inhabitant was considered, its arrangements were involved. Conchology is
Introduction. v
now taken from the insulated post it formerly occupied, and ‘restored to its proper rank. The views of Adanson have been continued, extended and improved by a succession of labourers in this department of science, and the valuable facts they have established will hand down their names with honour to posterity.
Much confusion unfortunately still exists in another re- spect, not only in Zoology, but in every branch of natural history, and must continue till some better principles of Nomenclature shall, by general consent, be adopted in this and the sister sciences.. Not only are many of the terms em- . ployed radically defective and at variance with all sound rules of grammar and etymology, and chosen, one would think, in some instances from the worst words of the worst ‘writers, obsolete and cacophonous, but the student is per- plexed by the intolerable multitude of unnecessary syno- nyms with which half the known subjects of these sciences are overwhelmed. Arbitrary changes are too often made in names long since fixed to particular objects by their original discoverers, with no apparent view, but to gratify a silly personal vanity; ^ that’s villainous, and shows a pitiful ambition in the fool that uses it." The Zoological Journal will always be open to memoirs on this subject, and we are confident that incalculable benefit will accrue to the science of natural history in general, from dispassionate discussions on the true principles of Nomenclature.
Entire translations or abstracts (as their importance may require) of foreign papers, which either contain new matter, or are rendered interesting by the relation of remarkable facts, or the developement of new views connected with Zoology, will follow the original Memoirs and Monographs, and our readers will thus be regularly furnished with detailed accounts of the most important discoveries made in the $cience by their fellow labourers on the continents both of
the Old and New World. The proceedings of learned
vi Introduction.
societies will succeed the translations, and facts of minor importance, but still of interest, will be given in the notices at the end of each number.
One subject remains to be mentioned, viz. the Anialyses of New Publications. In executing this part of our duty, one sole principle will be our guide—strict impartiality and justice—no , private friendships, no partial leanings. shall induce us to praise a. bad work, nor any invidious motives to withhold our commendations from a good one. . We may err in our judgment, but it shall always be the result of a conscientious conviction of its truth..
Some of our readers may perhaps think that the subject of the paper which stands at the head of our first number is not strictly connected with the object of our journal. lfthere be any such, we trust they will nevertheless thank us for laying it before them, from the pleasure we are certain they must de- rive from its perusal. A most difficult subject is treated. by Mr. French, wethink, with singular skill and ingenuity ; but even this consideration would not have induced us to give it to the public, had it not appeared to us to be strictly consistent with the plan of our work. Its object is to develope. the operations of mind, if we may so express ourselves, in the brute creation, from the habits and actions of several of its members. It necessarily enters into the detail of facts purely Zoological and in the highest degree interesting—and if the main question be metaphysical, it is from natural his- tory alone that its ingenious author derives his arguments in discussing it.
With respect to one of de translations in the present number, it will be seen that the inferences deduced by M. Odier, have been considerably invalidated, if not overthrown by one of our coadjutors.. We have thought it right, how- ever, to present the entire memoir to our readers, notwith- standing our conviction that the author's conclusions are, erroneous, Next to establishing a truth, it is important to . correct error, and it would not be fair to the learned
Introduction. vii
foreigner himself to give our comments without prefixing his text to them. ‘The importance too, which the learned editors of the Journal containing the original memoir, - attach to M. Odier's experiments, and the conclusion he draws from them, is an additional motive With us to trans- late it verbatim ; and independently of that consideration, although we differ from him as to the real nature of the ca- rapace of insects, &c. he has given us in other respects, much new and curious information concerning it.
We shall add but little more. To insist on the import- ance of Natural History were to waste our own and our reader’s time in proving what no rational being ever doubted. The contemplation of the works of the creation, necessarily leads the mind to that of the Creator himself—and the more intimate our acquaintance with the former, the deeper and more devoted will be our adoration of the great author of all things! “ Тһе undevout astronomer is mad* ;" not more so than the undevout naturalist. The order, harmony, and gra- dations which the one traces in the planetary system, the other finds in the inhabitants of that part of it, where it has pleased his Creator to appoint his station. He sees the beautiful con- nection that subsists throughout the whole scheme of ani- mated nature. He traces, from the bulk and strength of the massive elephant to the almost invisible structure of the minutest insect, a mutual dependency, that convinces him
nothing is made in vain. He feels too, that at the head of
all this system of order and beauty, pre-eminent in the do- minion of his reason, stands Man. He sees himself the favoured creature of his Creator, and the finest energies of his soul are roused to gratitude and devotion.
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF THE ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL.
THOMAS BELL, ESQ. F.L.S.
E. T. BENNETT, F.L.S.
E. W. BRAYLEY, JUN. A.L.S. THOMAS BRIGHTWELL, ESQ. F.L.S. W. J. BRODERIP, ESQ. F.L.& H.S. REY. W. BULWER, F.L.S.
WILLIAM J. BURCHELL, ESQ. F.L.S. J. G. CHILDREN, ESQ. F.R. & L.S. бс. Н. T. DE LA ВЕСНЕ, ESQ. F.R. & L.S., бс. JOHN OLIVER FRENCH, ESQ.
THE LATE RIGHT HON. LORD GLENBERVIE, F.R.$., &c. JOHN EDWARD GRAY, ESQ. M.G.S.
THOMAS HORSFIELD, M.D. F.L.S., M.G.S.
REV. W. KIRBY, M.A. F.R.& L.S., &c.
W. E. LEACH, М.р. F.R. & L.S., &c.
W. S. MACLEAY, ESQ. M.A. F.L.S., ёс.
MR. GEORGE SAMOUELLE, A.L.S.
G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S.
J. DE C. SOWERBY, ESQ. F.L.S.
JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, ESQ. F.L.$.
GEORGE SUCH, ESQ. F.L.S.
WILLIAM SWAINSON, ESQ. F.R. € L.S., бс.
MR. C. WILLCOX.
N, A. VIGORS, JUN. ESQ. М.А» F.L.S.
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CONTENTS.
March, 1824.
ve А> г. Ea An inquiry respecting the True Nature of Instinct, А and of the Mental Distinction between Brute Animals and Man; introductory to a Series of Essays, explana- tory of the various faculties und actions of the former, which have been. considered to result from a degree of Moral Feeling and оў Intellect. By Joan OLIVER : FEN, Ps, xe a orth da i. entm sepkapa базе н T see | Aur. H.—Monograpk on the Cebrionide, a Family оу In- sects, By W. E. Leacgm, M.D. Е.Е. & L.S. бс... 33 Arr. III.—On- the situation and rank. of Sponges in the Scale of Nature, and on their internal Structure. By Mr. Jonn EDFARD GRAY sewes оао cases 46
Авт. IV.— Description of a new Species of ue rmn By
THomas: Bazz, Esq. FLEAS. ............... Ser. 52 Акт. V.— Description of a new Species of Iridina. By Mr. CNB SOW LEBT At ese TERS T 53
Авт. VI.— Some Observations on the Lamarckian. Naiades, and on the propriety of uniting them all under one i generic nume, By the зате.................... 507898 Авт. VII. -—Descriptions, accompanied by Figures of several Helices, discovered by T. E. Bomprcn, Esq. at Porro ANTE... LEE. асри уи TRE TETUR Ears BEL Акт. VIII. — Descriptions, accompanied. by Figures, of t several New Species of Shells. By, Mr. G. B. Sow- з: prey, F.L.S..... TITAN TRAE 58 Aza; 1X.—0On Balea. By Mr. Joan Ерүавр Grav... 61
CONTENTS.
Авт, X.— Monograph of the Genus Helicina.. By Mr. Jonn EpwARD GRAY ........ eec nnn Aur. XI.—Monograph of the Cypreidee, a Family of Tes- taceous Mollusca. By the same. (to be continued).... Акт. XII,—Abstract of a € Memoir on a New Genus of the Order Rodentia, named Capromys.” By M. G. A. Des- MARES „э. dnc cc eno o e gid. kp Me axle Ead S Акт. XIII. — Catalogue of Birds, and of terrestrial and fluviatile Mollusce found in the vicinity of Geneva. Com- municated by Н. T. De La Весне, Esq. M.G.S. .... Anr. XIV.— Abstract of a "Memoir on the Physiology of Helix Pomatia; by М. B. GasPAnp, D. M»; with Notes, by T. Berr, Esq. F.L.S...... Bis, oia, d e
Anr. XV.— Memoir on the Chemical Composition of the Corneous Parts of Insects; by M. Aveusrus ODIER. Translated from the original French, with some additional Remarks and Experiments ; by J. G. CHILDREN, Esq. ER. & LS. 9. дз ADS Spo Sce ааа chr «Фоа
Art. XVI.— Analytical. Notices :— Curtis’s British Entomology.... «eee seve Supplement to the Appendix of Captain Parry’ s Voyage,
1819—20.. sepopo sepp ебине Йе 563% oaiit a oisit oiai Dillwyn-on Fossil Shells ннн MET Memoires de la Société Ф Histoire Naturelle de Paris. . Sowerby’s Mineral Conchology ......... «en eda ————— Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells... . ... .
Авт. XVII.— Proceedings of Learned Societies :—
Royal Society ...... eene sea Uva «io dE US Linnean Society... eee eee nnnm M Zoological Club of the Linnean Society ....... Ye Авт. XVIII.—Scientific Notices :— Linnean Society of Calvados ........... Ye mc _ Etheria— Lamarck.... .. "ys Les d pd Ne (ea RN RARE Accentor Alpinus..... RUE VLA ME mb se e RE Mer s Plesiosaurus а... і. „рр. УЭ
Page
62
71
81
89
93
104:
116
117 120. 121. 123 124
124 130 132
133
134
134
2. 185/
CONTENTS.
No. П. June, 1824.
Авт. XIX.— Monograph on the Cypreide, a Family of Tes- taceous Mollusca. By Mr. Joun Epwarp Gray, M.G.S. ( continued.) ....... ne JS A EU a.
Авт. XX.— Ап Inquiry respecting the true nature of In- stinct, and of the Mental Distinction between Brute Animals and Man.—Essay П.— Ап Examination of the prevailing Division of the Brute Powers into Intellectual and Instinctive, as presented, in somerecent publications, by the Rev. Dr. Fleming, and by M. Frederic Cuvier ; including Strictures on the Theory of Habit proposed by the latter : with Illustrations of the Specific Constitution of the Brute Mind. By Jonn Oxiver FRENCH, Esq.
Авт. XXI.— Abstract of a Memoir оп the Physiology of
Helix Pomatia; by B. GasPAnp, M. D. . With Notes,
by T. Berr, Esq. F.L.S. (concluded.) ............. Акт. XXII.—Some Observations on the Nomenclature of Ornithology ; particularly with reference to the admis-
sion of New Genera. Ву N. A. Vicons, Jun. Esq.
A. M. .F.L.S... Leer uae eor rur а ев вон ove’ Е Авт. XXIII.— Remarks on the Animal Nature of Sponges, By Tuomas Betz, Esq. r д. 04.0 е ср _Авт. XXIV.—Conchological Observations, being an attempt to fix the study of Conchology on a firm basis. By
Mr. Jonn Ерғавр Gray, M.G-.S....... nnn Ant. XXV.— Correction of the Characters of the Genus Bel- lerophon, established by De Montfort, in his Conchylio- logie. Ву M. Dernance.....- ТЕРЕМ РОНЕ:
Page
137
153
174
180
202
204
223
CONTENTS.
Авт. XX VI.— Description of a new Species of Arachnides, of the Genus Epeira, of M. Walckenaer. By C.V AUTHIER Акт. XXVII.—On а Quadruped belonging to the Order Rodentias By THOMAS Sav soies e seces e pes acai Art. XXVIII.—Note on the supposed Identity of the genus Isodon of Say, with Capromys. By Tuomas BELL, Ha D P a as a аа E Anr. XXIX.— Memoir upon a new genus of Fossil Poly- Шарла... Ва HE SAU KAGE woe sies елы АДЫН Art. XX X.— Memoir on an American Bat, a New Species belonging to the genus Nyctinomus. By M. IsiponE · GEOFFROY SaiNT-HiazafRE....... eee eee eee ee Авт. XXXI.—-A Revision of the Fi Йй) By Mr. Joan Epwarp Gray, M.G.S. ....... .... Art. XX XII.— Descriptions of dines’ new bloc of Leth- rus. By Prornssor FiscHER.......... eee eese Авт. XXXIII.— A Description of Two new species of `Ней- cine, and Explanation of the Figures to the Monograph. By Mr. Jonn Evwarp Gray, M.G.S. ............ Art. XXXIV.— Description of a remarkable Fossil, found in Coal Shale: with Observations. By J. D. C. So;wknnaY, Peg. B.L45.... Lus. М MV, Авт. XXXV.—On the Structure of Melania Setosa. By Mr. Joan Epwanp Gray, M.G.S................. Arr. XXXVI.— Abstract of a Monograph on a new Genus of Gasteropodous Mollusca, named Scissurella; by M. Arcipe Dessatines D’Orpicny. With Notes by G: B. Sow sens FILS, еа sa « «Go АА РРР З Art. XXXVII.—Mulleria, a new Genus of Fresh-water Bivalves, of the Family of Ostreacew, established by M. Le Baron D’AuDEBARD DE FERUSSAC ........ Aur. XXXVIII.— Analytical Notices of Books :— Monographia Tenthredinetarum......... e ev i i) arn MEE Annales des Sciences Naturelles.. ...... Curtis’s British Entomology ......... eee eene Sowerby’s Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells.. .... ..
Page
224
997,
230
250
259
953
255
CONTENTS.
Sowerby’s Mineral Conchology . · • • • · · · • Mr De la Beche's Selection of Geological Memoirs .....- Art. XXXIX.— Literary Announcements. . . . . • + + РЕА Авт. XL.—Proceedings оў Learned Societies:— в Royal Society sss. «ttn ЕЕ ья а Linnean Society .... 6. VER FRE А ^ ie Loological Club.: soss eene Geological Societ ..........*.<<* Qi a uA ние е S < Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris... entm
Arr. XLI.— Scientific Notices :— Characters of the Cebrionidg „ss «e «eset
Cebrionidg, Stirps HI........ Ju V) ciu карж Aranea Domesticad....++++++ aceon E Amphitoite, a Fossil of Vegetable Origin. s-sess... Helix nemoralis, a Carnivorous Animal E Iu sensa ея Vitality of Sponges ..ssssseerst ertett ave animals
Plesiosaurus ..eececeveeeeses® Woods NOR POUR DEP
268
282 283 Ibid. 284
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prare VI.—A. Balea Tristensis: B. Balea ventricosa. See No. I. p. 61. ; Figures 1 to 15, Helicine ; explained in the present Number, p. 251.
Prats VII.—Fig. 1. Cyprea lentiginosa. albuginosa.
———— turdus.
4, ——— arabicula, л. 4.
5. — —— sulcidentata, л. 20. б. ———— arenosa, л. 19. 7 8
. —— controversa, л. 15. ‚ ——— maculata. 9. ——== pulchella, л. 14. 10. ——-— picta. See No. I. p. 71, and No. II. p. 137.
Рілте VIII.— Fig. 1. Isodon Pilorides, cranium 2. — ‚ а row of teeth. 3. ———— , tooth of the superior jaw, exte- rior view. 4. ———, ditto, interior view. 5. ———, ditto, anterior side. See p. 227. 6.
7: ( Melania setosa. ее p. 253. 8.
9. Fossil Bone. See p. 252. Prarr IX.— Ет. 1. Asinus Burchellii.
2. Hoof of ditto. 3. Hoof of Asinus Zebra. See p. 247.
Рглте X.—Epeira curvicauda. See p. 224.
Prats XI.—Nyctinomus Braziliensis, See p. 233.
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CONTENTS.
No. III. October, 1824.
Авт. XLII. An Inquiry into the natural Affinities of the Laniade, or Shrikes ; preceded by some Observations on the present State of Ornithology in this Country. By WiriLram Swainson, Esq. F.R.S. F.L.S. M.W.S.
Акт. XLIII. Sketches in Ornithology; or Observations on the leading Affinities of some of the more extensive groups of Birds. By N. A. Vicors, Jun. Esq. A.M. PSD SA aia aa yid Д «е аЬ ааны id даах анын»
Авт. XLIV. An Inquiry respecting the true nature of In- stinct, and of the Mental Distinction between Brute Animals and Man.— Essay П.— Ап Examination of the prevailing Division of the Brute Powers into Intellectual and Instinctive, as presented, in some recent publications, by the Rev. Dr. Fleming, and by M. Frederic Cuvier ; including Strictures on the Theory of Habit proposed by the latter : with Illustrations of the Specific Constitution of the Brute Mind. By Jonn Orırer FRENCH, Esq.
Art. XLV. Monograph on the Cypreide, a Family of Tes- taceous Mollusca. By Jonn Еруавр Gray, Esq. RUE iia сее abe руну DOR IRA RA v ni gin pile Ala wie! eee
Arrt. XLVI. General Observations on the anton of the
Thorax in Insects, and on its F unctions during Flight. By E. T. Bennett, F.L.S. and Member of the Zoo- logical Club of the Linnean Society ......... REE
Arr. XLVII. Description of an hitherto unpublished Species of Buccinum recently discovered at Cork. By E. T. Bewnert, F.L.S. and Member of the Zoological Club of the Linnean Society ........ enn
Arr. XLVIII. Observations on Melania Setosa, in reply to Mr. Gray, by Wiri14m Swainson, Esq. F.R. and L.S. MWS. &c. п. M TETO ln
Page
289
308
346
367
391
398
CONTENTS.
ge
Акт. XLIX. On the vestiges of a placental Organization, D
and of an umbilicus, discovered in a very small Fetus of
the Didelphis Virginiana. By M. E. GEOFFROY DE
BGINT-HIEAPHEE sosea cc encase Les E hin’ еа ба ale ta 403 Art. L. Observations on the si tructure of the Pholades. By
Joun Epwarp Gray, Esq. M.G.8................ 406 Arr. LI. Descriptions of some rare, interesting, or hitherto
uncharacterized subjects of Zoology, by N. A. Vrcons,
jun. Esq. M. А. F. L.S. With Figures by James DE
Carre Sowersy, Esq. F.L.S......... PRE QUAM 0 Art. LII. Proceedings of Learned Societies : —
Zoological Club of the Linnean Society... ........... 418
Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris................ 421 Авт. LIII.— Scientific Notices :—
New Species of Procellarie ...................... 425
Bulla Haliotoidea ......... рурии Rem a y
On the Genera Sigaretus and ү ae ie aves core eect
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prare XII.— Fig. 1. Cyprea lentiginosa. albuginosa. Turdus.
arabicula, n. 4. sulcidentata, n. 20.
—— arenosa, n. 19.
controversa, m. l5. zonata, n. 53. pulchra, п. 14. See n. 42, p. 380. picta, n. 54. Prate ХШ. —Миѕсісара Lathami, p. 410. Prare XIV.—Anthus Richardi, р. 411. Prare XV.—Fig. 1. Cicindela princeps, p. 413. — — — Ritchii, p. 414.
—— ——— Lyonii, p. 4M. . Gymnetis undulata, p. 415. hieroglyphica, p. 416. . Macraspis clavata, p. 416. . Rutela nitescens, p. 417. . Lamia V notata, ib. perpulchra, p. 418.
Pirate XVI.—Psittacula Kuhlii, p. 412.
5 دب مم ی SP we ы
ODIDE EN,
CONTENTS.
No. IV. January, 1825.
Art. LIV. Some Remarks on. the Nomenclature of the Gryllina of MacLeay, &c. with the Characters of a new genus in that tribe. By the Rev. Witttam KIRBY, SALUS POS INS bonne sn goa hw 2 Bey eran mee oe
Art. LV. An Account of the unexampled devastations com- mitted by Field-Mice in the Forest of Dean in Glouces- tershire, and in the New Forest in Hampshire, during the years 1813 and 1814. In a Letter to the late Right Hon. Sir Josera Banks, Bart. P.R.S., from the late Right Hon. Syrresrer DovaGras, LORD GLEN- BEREEB.I.-.. nudis oen Vues RE wo cogn PUN M
Arr. LVI. Remarks on the devastation occasioned by the Hylobius abietis in Fir Plantations. By W. S. Mac Lear, Fist. А.М. В du. oe au. vae cem Done
Авт. LVII. Some Observations on the British Tipulide, together with Descriptions of the Species of Culex
- and Anopheles found in Britain. By James FRANCIS
STEPHENS, F.S.L., &c....... Кын EA AE be DUE LI уга Авт. LVIII. Description of a new species of Lizard. By Tuomas Berr, Esq. F.L.S. .............. М o are
Amr. LIX. Description of Malaconotus atro-coccineus. By Итгттам J. Вивснег1, Esq. F.L.S...............
Расе
o
429
433
444
448
457
461
CONTENTS.
e
Art. LX. On the Characters and Natural Affinities of ih several New Birds from Australasia; including some Observations on the Columbide. By Wirrram Swain- son, Esq. F.R.S. & L.S. M.W.S., &c. ....... LIS 463
Акт. LXI. Observations on the Manners of a live Toucan, now exhibited in this Country. By W. J. BRODERIP, . Bg E dapi Metas u Бары pet ed der is oct AE 484
Art. LXII. Monograph on the Cypreide, a Family of Testaceous Mollusca. By Јонх Еруавр Gray, Esq. MAGUS. ic che dao ei gt Sigh Scaler Doe ESAS 489
Авт. LXIII. Abstract of a Notice relating to the ZEtherice
` found in the Nile by M. Caillaud; by M. De Ferrussac; together with a Description of a new Species of /Etheria. By G. HB. Somnnny, B Lio idu ое АУЕ 518
Авт. LXIV. Reply to Mr. Swainson on Neritina Corona and Melania setosa. Ву Joun Epwarp Gray, Esq. SE. Pur Dc (iors wee ge S vag sie e reor. 523
Авт. LXV. Descriptions of some rare, interesting, or hither- to uncharacterized subjects of Zoology. By N. A. Vicors, jun. Esq. М.А. F.L.S. With Figures by James DE Carre Sowersy, Esq. F.L.S .......... 526
Авт. LXVI. Description of the Rimav-Danan of the inhabitants of Sumatra, a new species of Felis discovered in the Forests of Bencoolen, by Sir T. Sramrorp Rarrxes, late Lieutenant Governor of Fort Marl- borough, &c. &c. &c. By Tuomas Honsrizrp, M.D. FESE UL SOC (Cet. osa «ap Pine dpt viaa е oma DA
Art. LXVII. Descriptions of some new Brazilian species. of the Family of Laniade. By Grorce Sucu, Esq.
. F.L.S., of Magdalen Hall, Oxford ........... Neat" 554
Авт. LXVIII. Description of the Vespertilio Pygmeus, а new species recently discovered in Devonshire by Dr. | c» ID gas rem аа саа РР 2s y 359
Акт. LXIX. Analytical Notices of Books :—
The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London... 561
Transactions of the Geological Society .............. 567
‘
CONTENTS.
Pace
Curtis’s British Entomology ..... Sitti Qe ea ee a EUN Sowerby’s (J.D С.) Mineral Conchology ....... va». UEM Sowerby's (G. B.) Genera of Shells ............... 573 Temminck’s Monographies de Mammalogie ......... . 574 Annales des Sciences Naturelles.................... 576
. Memoires de la Societé Linnéenne du Caloados ....... 578
Авт. LXX. Proceedings of Learned Societies : —
Boy Society quee sb nd vies adele йыр. b's ain ... 581 Linnean Society .......... ai ek SWR Pa ае mij. ERE Zoological Club of the Linnean Society... ........... 585 Geological Society... ............ e ые bh Sy e 588 Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris................ ibid.
Авт. LXXI.— Scientific Notices : — Radiaria— Alecto —Comatula.................- eres 589 Ornithology... s.. oseese. iis Vias nbi liie AF .... bid Mytilus Crenatus, naturalized i in гонарар Harbour 590 Addition to Mr. Broderip’s Communication ......... 591
Index Fe. MR eu en indamu. zb. * озо е э өө е cities 593
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Prate XVII.—Uromastyx Acanthinurus, p. 457.
Prare XVIII.—Malaconotus atro-coccineus, p. 461. Prare XIX.—Atheria tubifera, p. 518.
Prate XX.—Fig. 1. Panageus tomentosus, p. 537.' 2. Necrodes osculans, ib.
3. Onthophagus igneus, p. 538. 4. Mnematium Ritchii, p. 539.
5. Phaneus Kirbii, mas. p. 539. 6. fem. ib. 7. Euchlora MacLeayana, p. 540. 8. Pelidnota cyanipes, p. 541.
9. Rutela sumptuosa, p. 542.
Pirate XXI.—Felis Macrocelis, p. 542.
Prare XXII.—Buccinum Humphreysianum, No. II, p- 398. Vespertilio Pygmæus, p. 559.
THE { ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL.
M arch, 1824.
Ax. I. An Inquiry respecting the True Nature of Instinct, and of the Mental Distinction between Brute Animals and Man ; introductory to a Series of Essays, explanatory of the various faculties and actions of the former, -which have been considered to result from a degree of Moral Feeling,
‘and of Intellect. By Joun Oxitver Frencu, Esq.
THE mighty and various powers of man are wonderfully imaged forth in the sensible objects that surround him; and, in the march of science, such additional evidences are continually elicited, in confirmation of this important truth, that we may perhaps be war- ranted in giving a philosophical assent to the sentiment of the poet,— That for the Instructed, time will come
When they shall meet no object but may teach
Some acceptable lesson to their minds
Of human sufferings, or of human joy,
For then shall all things speak of Man.
WORDSWORTH,
Nature’s wide domain indeed exhibits a boundless theatre, in which moral and intellectual agency is ever active and employed ; —strikingly manifesting its presence to the contemplative mind, in even the most common operations, the results of which have been
Vor. I. pe |
+
2 An Inquiry respecting
denominated fixed laws: for what are these but the operations of such agency producing effects for particular ends and purposes, which ends and purposes are evidently intended to be subservient to the application of the powers of the human mind, in the adaptation of all lower things to the purposes suggested by man's reason, in all the various products of the arts and sciences, These rise like a new creation from the comparatively chaotic parts of Nature, and their production is strictly comprehended within the universal plan of the Divine Artificer, who well knows how much to do for man, and what to leave within man's province, for the proper exercise of the faculties with which he endows him; and to aid him in which exercise, Nature is thus made to unfold a rich and fertile picture of moral and intellectual qualities.
It would appear that traces of the delineation here alluded to might be found throughout the varied products of Nature ;: but ih the animal kingdom we find a broad and certain basis for induction, —the world of instinct, in which the various. moral and. intellec- tual powers. of man are symbolically reflected, as in a ‘mirror, even to his entrance into a glorious immortality.* In this great division of the lower creation, the qualities of foresight, industry, integrity, justice and order, sociability and mutual aid and protec- tion, self-devotion and magnanimity, are imaged forth with an astonishing fidelity and touch of truth: and in a manner no less astonishing and faithful are displayed the opposites of all these,— improvidence, idleness, dishonesty, injustice and disorder, unso- ciableness and mutual disregard, selfishness and cowardice.. ,
To the contemplative mind, final causes natural and moral are every where multiplied to the view, in the innumerable parts of the great machinery of Creation; How forcibly, in numerous in- stances, are the destroying passions depicted; and how finely does the picture set off the relative beauty of their opposites—the social virtues, which in the instincts of animals are not less faith- fully delineated.
This circumstance is really so striking, that, (if «е an стазе could be entered into іп а philosophical dissertation), we might be tempted to: ask, whether these passions of inordinate. self-love,
* See Kirby and Spence’s Introduction to Entomology, vol. i, p. 73, е! seq.
the true nature of Instinct. 3
giving birth to offensive violence, are not thus exhibited so‘as to affect-the outward senses, through the medium of ferocious anis mals, in order to furnish us with the strongest possible perceptions of the nature of such passions in ourselves. ‘But the creatures themselves are incapable of conceiving any thing respecting the nature of the moral and intellectual qualities which they thus exhibit, —to them virtue and vice are nothing : they are indeed but tlie passive mediums in which those qualities are represented and illustrated, in the language of God in Nature, addressed to the human mind ; and they seem to be but as types of things—of the mighty powers, moral and intellectual, which fill the mind of màn; who alone is an inhabitant of the moral and intellectual world, as he is of the natural world. ич - Man was called by the ancients a Microcosm, or little world, — that i is, abeing whose moral and intelectual powers are represented in the ‘subjects of nature, the utilities and ends of which latter, are reflected in him, and, as a final cause, take their rise and origin from him, in the scale ‘of creation: and judging from all that has been said upon this subject, there can be little doubt, that as all natural tliings are subservient as means to things moral and intellectual ; 3 so the former, as:much as possible, would seem to be made the emblems and representatives i in which the latter may be oem ' I have been led to offer these remarks on the final causes of lower beds aio; because I consider that they are so connected. with the question of instinct, that, taken in a general point of view, they help to determine what sort of limited and subservient powers the -— creation may: be expected, a priori, to possess. ~The above idea it appears very necessary to keep in mind, to CRM us from assigning to brutes, mental attributes above the sphere of their common nature, and. as leading us to iuvestigate ‚ those causes which alone appear properly and rationally adequate to the production of the wonderful system and order observable in their actions. - It is from failing to retain steadily in the mind's view this necessary leading principle, that we are led into erroneous conclusions-respecting the powers of the brute mind, and the оре- rative means by which the actions of brutes are effected’; which so A2
4 ^ An Inquiry respecting,
much resemble the operations of human intellect, that as before observed, they may be said to represent and illustrate them.
On this account considerable difficulty has been found in draw- ing a distinct line between the conscious discriminative powers of brutes, and those of human rationality ; and in affixing a true character to the mental principles in which the actions of the brute creation originate. у
Thus in considering the nature of the essential principles of brutes, philosophers have diverged into two extremes of opinion, each opinion being the result of an opposite and partial train of reasoning. One class, by referring all the essential powers of brute action to the unassisted conscious mind of the creature, have ascribed to the brute creation faculties of understanding and rea- soning of the same kind with, and only differing in degree from, the rationality of the human mind.* The other class, considering the high nature of the essential powers themselves from which brute action appears to proceed, and to which they may indeed be traced, —powers which are so far exalted in intelligence above the common nature of the creatures whose actions exhibit externally their effects, as to lead the mind to look above the sphere of the creas ture's consciousness for a solution of their origin,—have considered that the pheenomena of brute action can be no otherwise explained, than by referringit to the immediate operation of the divine energy.
The opinion expressed by Addison, who, following in the steps of other philosophers, says that he was impressed with the belief that the actions of brutes originate in immediate impression from the first Mover, and “ the divine energy acting in the creatures, +”? has indeed been deemed unphilosophical; and, it must be admit- ted, not without propriety, if this sentiment be taken to mean that brutes are mere automata. But although the penetrating mind of Addison obtained but au indistinct perception of the subject, his hypothesis is undoubtedly deserving of attention. He clearly saw
* Helvetius, De l’ Esprit. tom. i, p. 2, et sq. edit. 1758.
New System of Nat. Hist. of Animals, by Peter Hill, Edinburgh, 1791. The author maintains, “ that the laws of analytic reasoning do not justify the opinion that the brutes act on any occasion absolutely without design.” ;,
+ Spectator, nos. 121, 122.
the true nature of Instinct. 5
that such adaptation of means to particular ends, such :won+ derful manifestation. of design, could: not: possibly be the result of organization, as maintained Ъу the Cartesian philosophy ; but in rejecting the latter hypothesis, he overlooked the inferior kind of volition and discrimination, which appears to be included іа the natural consciousness of the creature, and»which no doübt:consti- tutes its sense of life and existence; and pronounced the whole - oftheir actions to be the immediate operation of the Divine Energy = not reflecting, that such immediate operation must, of necessity, by rendering the creatures perfect automata, deprive them of all consciousness whatéver; and thus destroy that sense of life and existence derived from the class of conscious powers which it is evident they possess, and which manifestly constitutes the enjoys жм of sentient being. luow Ji dod
+» Now it seems demonstrable that brates are possessed of a limited conscious discrimination and determination ; which discrimination ` and determination do not however embrace what is either moral, intellectual, or rational, as regards the consciousness of the стей» ture: butas their actions iavolvé in them causes or powers that are evidently of a moral, intellectual, and rational order, and which powers evidently act upon the mental constitution of brutes by im- pressing and guiding their conscious powers of discrimination and determination to action, according to the purposes or final causes of their being ;—it may therefore be justly inferred that the Divine Euergy does in reality act, not immediately, but mediately, ot through the medium of moral and intellectual influences, upon the nature or consciousness of the creature, in the production of the various, and, in many instances, truly жер actions which 9 perform.
If it be asked by what intermediate agency the ied eh of brutes are thus directed ;—I reply that it is generally admitted, by a large class of mankind, atleast, that superior (yet intermediate) powers of some kind, are in actual connexion with the human ‘mind,—though not leading it blindly, as might be supposed to be the case with regard to brutes ;—and if this beadmitted, there re- mains no reasonable ground for denying the connexion and influence of similar powers, (whatever they may be), operating upon and diss ·
6 An Inquiry respecting >
posing to certdin ends the conscious natures of brutes; which паь tures, if we suppose them destitute of moral and intellectual con+ sciousness, have need of the operation of such powers to direct them. ‘The phenomena of brute action, indeed, are inexplicable upon any other grounds ; but these once admitted, there appears to be nothing in the whole circle of instinctive operations which may not be satisfactorily accounted for. І will not even venturea suggestion as to the nature of the intermediate superior powers here alladed to} but their agency, I repeat, is plainly manifest in the conduct of brutes,
As an instance illustrative of this remark, I need ‘only mention the surprising attention of the neuter.class of most of those insects which live in society, in the education of the young; an office for which it would naturally be supposed they would be wholly unfitted by the privation of the sexual character, and the consequent absence of the’ parental stimulus.* ^ But the end is to be acs complished ; and the animal is supplied with an inclination to ` accomplish it, by which it is led to the means; being impelled thereto by a moral and intellectual energy operating above its own consciousness, and which it would in vain endeavour to estimate з although with respect to its own immediate voluntary powers it may be in perfect freedom, and even have, as indeed it unques+ tionably, has, a subordinate consciousness of the acts it performs; accompanied with a sensation of delight, asa consequence of their performance. : Certain it is, from the wondrous indications of moral design, intellect, and science, discoverable in the actious of brute animals, that we must either suppose them gifted with innate conscious, moral, intellectual, and scientific faculties, and thus with those very powers which form the distinguishing characters istics of human rationality, which is however totally at variance with our observation of their general nature ;—or we must allow ‘them’ to. possess only a subordinate consciousness and discriminas tion determinable to natural objects ; and overruled and directed by powers or agencies operating in them above the sphere or stream of their own proper consciousness, and which powers or agencies
;ust.be of a moral, intellectual, and scientific order: thusthat brutes
* Kirby and Spence’s Entomol. vol. i, p. 365. y I
the lrue nalure of Instinct. 7
are governed by such agencies, good and evil, but under the control of Providence ; and that such agencies act by i impressions upon their conscious nature, but unperceived by it in a moral or intellectual sense ;—effecting such operation by means of connate inclinations implanted in their nature, and disposing them to receive the im- pressions ; and which inclinations appear to constitute the ground or basis upon which is formed that lower species of consciousness; volition, and discrimination, which seems the "me attribute of the brute animal. | ‚о
Upon these principles, the mixed natures of some animals are satisfactorily explained ;—as in the instance of the Phoca Ursina, the males of which species manifest the most singular tenderness towards their young progeny, and at the same time: a savage and persecuting disposition towards their females.* "These opposite and dissimilar propensities are not indicative of any moral principles that can be ascribed, otherwise than in an apparent sense, to the ` creature; as will be distinctly shewn in the ae of our inquiries. 9
Viewed, then, in this light, and —— in this manner, Pros vidence is conspicuous in the operations of brute'nature; and itis ` but reasonable to conclude that the Divine Being does indeed operate, by unseen mediums, of whatever kind they be, as and Great Regulator of the whole.
Facts have undoubtedly occurred to exemplify the operation of © such agency in special interferences of Providence, through the medium of the brute mind; of which the following well authenti- cated instance must be regarded as à very striking one. '
At Ditchley, near Blenheim, now the seat of Viscount Dillon, but formerly of the Lees, Earls of Lichfield, is a portrait of Sir Henry Lee, by Jansen, with that of а mastiff dog which saved his life. Oué of Sir Henry’s servants had formed the design of assassinating his master, and robbing the house ; but on the night he had intended to perpetrate it, the dog, for the first time, followed Sir Henry up stairs, took his station under his bed, and could not be drive thence : in the dead of the night, the servant, not knowing the dog was there, entered the room to execute his diabolical purpose ;
i і
* Bingley; Animal Biog. vol: i, р. 193. : -
8 An Inquiry respecting
but was instantly seized by the dog, and being secured, confessed his intentions. In a corner of the picture are these lines:
But in my dog, whereof I made no store, I find more love than those I trusted more.
What an instance is this to shew the operation of a superior moral and intellectual power disposing the inclinations and per- ceptions of an animal, fora stated end ; while the natural voli- tions of the creature were at the same time exercised by it in free- dom, towards the furtherance of this end. Whether we suppose the immediate means made use of to impress the animal's conscious mind, to be that of an ideal imagery or anticipated view of the intended act, with its accompaniments, the darkness, the silence, &c. &c.—and that when it really did begin to happen—when the man actually entered the room at midnight, the animal seized him as described ;—or in whatever way we regard it as having been effected, the operation of an influential power is most unequivocal. We cannot acconnt for this cool and dispassionate magnanimity which renders the brute animal unmindful of itself, while extend- ing its protection, and this with discrimination of circumstances, to man, unless by a directing energy, unseen by itself, acting upon its mind, and disposing it to use its immediate conscious faculties in operating according to a particular dictate; the animal as to all its conscious faculties and bodily powers being left in perfect freedom, although thus overruled by a presiding power, of which it is totally — unconscious. We cannot otherwise account for the apparently complex nature of brutes « which," as beautifnlly observed by Addison, “© thus rises above reason, and falls infinitely short of it,” and which “ cannot be accounted for by any properties of matter, and at the same time works after so odd a manner, that one cannot think it the faculty (as regards the creature, he might have added) of an intellectual being.”
According to the view above taken then, the brute, within the sphere of its consciousness, is in perfect freedom ; thus it is by no meaus an áutomaton, but gifted with a subordinate freedom of vo- lition, discrimination, and action, beneath the moral and intellec- tual sphere by which it is ruled and governed.
the true nature of Instinct. 9
The foregoing, however, it may perhaps be said, is an extra» ordinary instance of the actions of instinct. In reply to this, the question may be asked,—are not the most common and ordinary instances of instinctive action equally illustrative of an intelligence superior to the conscious faculties of the creature ; which intelli» gence must therefore operate upon its couscious perception, and constitute, as it were, the primum mobile, actuating and impelling it to the most reasonable and circumstantial course of action that can be conceived, for arriving at the fulfilment of the ends for which it is brought into existence ? Does the spider in the curious act of weaving its web think within itself and say, ‘I will extend my threads in this order, and connect and tie them together transverse- ly, to secure my web from the rude vibrations of the air; and in _ the terminations which constitute the central point of my web, I will provide myself a seat, where I may sit and watch what hap- pens, and be ready to seize and envelope every fly that is caught in my trap ?— Or does the bee reason and say to itself, ¢ I will take my flight to such a field, where I know there is plenty of flowers, aud I will gather wax and honey from them, and of the wax I will, build contigucus cells in a particular arrangement and form, and so disposed, that I and my compauious may have free ingress and egress, and in process of time may lay up a large store of honey, sufficient for our necessities during the approaching winter, that we. may not starve; and I will help to support, like a good citizen; the political and economical prudence of the community ??
We cannot surely conceive any such process of reflection as this to pervade the consciousness of the creatures, although their acts evidently include it in some way or other; and this I think amounts to a full proof, that reasoning is in no case the effect of instinct, as has been supposed by some philosophers ;* for it determines that the voluntary powers of animals may be most forcibly directed to a particular course of action, without any reasonable perception, . either of the act or of its consequences, on the part of the animals, themselves ; and shews that the instinct of animals is governed by the influence of an intelligence, (acting in this case according to an uniform mode or fixed law,) which cannot be ascribed to the animals themselves ; and which evidently acts upon them above
* Smellie, in his Philosophy of Natural History, vol. i, p. 145, asserts the reasoning faculty to be ** necessary result of instinct."
10 An Inquiry respecting
the sphere of their proper consciousness. The same arguments are applicable to those cases, in which animals appear to act more immediately from the exigency of circumstances, that in these also they are similarly directed ; as in the case of the ostrich, an ap- parently stupid bird, which, in Senegal, where the heat is great, sits only by night when the coolness of the air would chill the eggs; and in the case of parent birds, when their nestlings are confined iu cages, or tied to the nest ; in which exigency, the old ones prolong their care, and continue to supply them with food, beyond the accustomed period.* It thus appears clearly evident, I think, that animals do not act witha view to consequences, from their own proper consciousness; but that whenever they do so act, it is from a dictating energy operating above the sphere of their consciousness, and disposing them so to do: that the business of mental analysis and extraction, is performed for them, as it were, in every instance in which they appear to exhibit proofs of it; and that properly speaking, there is nothing of desigu attributable to brutes in their actions, but merely a subordinate voluntary princi- ple, and discriminative perception, which may be termed natural, to distinguish it from what is moral, intellectual, and scientific ; to which latter principles alone design can properly be referred. ЇЇ the appearances of design in the animals be taken as proofs of such design being proper to them, we must be forced to admit that they are possessed of moral, intellectaal, and scientific re- flection ; but we might, upon this principle, argue the same thing of the plant, which when placed in a cellar where but a partial light is admitted, turns itself towards the ray ;—namely, that as there is the appearance of design in the action, we must therefore attribute design to the subject in which we perceive its effects, and thus elevate the vegetable to the intellectual sphere: and we should actualy do this, did we not stop short to consider the adequacy of the apparent agent to the production of the effect as
we behold it performed.
* A few years since a pair of sparrows which had built in the thatch roof of a house at Poole, were observed to continue their regular visits to the nest long: after the time when the young birds take flight. "This unusual circumstance continued throughout the year ; and in the winter, a gentleman who had all along observed them, determined on investigating its cause. He therefore mounted a ladder, and found one of the young ones detained a prisoner, by means of a piece of string or wonsted which formed part of the nest, having become accidentally twisted round its leg. Being thus incapacitated for pro- curing its own sustenance, it had been fed by the continued exertions of its parents, B.
the lrue nature of Instinct. 11
It: becomes necessary then to establish a test whereby the operation ‘of ‘the: moral, intellectual, and scientific powers here alladed О, may be ascertained ; and whereby the line of demar« cation may be distinctly drawn between man and brute. : This test, I conceive, is included in the following: propositions ; viz: Ist, That moral qualities do not become: objective in the minds of brutes ; or, that the moral actions which they perform ure not res fected upon or contrived by them as such ; thus that they possess no moral consciousness, and consequently that. no moral design сап be uttributed to them ; and therefore that so much of moral design ‘as appears conspicuous in their actions must ‘be the effect of moral powers or energies acting upon them in à region of their minds above thé sphere of their proper consciousness. 2nd; That intellectual and scientific qualities do not become ‘objective in ‘the minds of brutes ; or, that the intellectual and scientific actions which they perform, are not reflected upon or contrived by them as such ; thus that they possess no intellectual or scienti ific consciousness, and consequently that no intellectual or scientific design can be attributed to them : and therefore that so much of. intellectual or scientific design as appears conspicuous in their actions, must be the effect of intellectual and scientific powers or energies, acting upon them in a region of their minds: Bep the
_ Sphere of their proper consciousness. | rng
Admiring and respecting as I do the endeavours of all who aré engaged in the promotion of philosophic enquiries, I cannot buf think, that in the particular subject before us, too much has been done to confound the natures of man and brute, and to separate. both from the Fountain of their existence. Man is what he is, and derives his superiority over the brute creation, from the circum- stance that all things whatever become morally and scientifically objective to him; and the brute is what he is, and derives his’ inferiority, from the total absence of this distinguished and еп- nobling faculty. It is true that many specious arguments may be’ and have been advanced to prove that the biutes participate in' human rationality, in kind, if not in degree ; but the ends which’ their natures are evidently destined to fulfil, would be, one might
12 ` Ап Inquiry respecting
imagine, alone sufficient to refute the supposition. For it is but reasonable to conclude, that the conscious powers of the creature will be according to the ends of its existence ; and as these ends are in the brute creation neither moral nor scientific, but purely natural, and, as regards themselves, only subservient to what is moral and scientific, it thence would follow that they are not possessed in themselves of any moral, intellectual, or scientific conscious powers ;—and are therefore merely natural agents of a. secondary class, in which such powers are exhibited.
I proceed to consider the first of the foregoing propositions, When we investigate the many and surprising instances in which the operations of the brute creation imply moral intention, reflec- tion, and contrivance, we are at no loss.to account for the opinion of that class of philosophers, who have attributed the mental inferiority of brutes to the mere want of adequate bodily organs ; nevertheless, the intellectual consciousness of man shrinks from the acknowledgment that in one common principle of life originate the actions of man and brute; and that brutes as to their mental constitution are thus, as it were, ** human imps lopt off from the common stock of intellect and rationality.” There is something which seems powerfully to oppose the sentiment of sharing those high endowments with creatures of so inferior a nature; and which irresistibly leads us seriously to examine the arguments, which may be offered to prove that moral and intellectual powers reign over the conscious perception of the brute, and guide it to its proper exercise of those lower faculties, which it is left in freedom to use. The bee, we say, is a perfect politica] moralist, with respect to its actions, which evince the strictest attention to the principles of order and economy, for the purposes of the establish- meut aud prescrvation of a community ; yet it is totally ignorant and unconscious of the very principles which it is so assiduous in the practice of ;——not a ray of moral perception or consciousness, can be attributed to it in a proper sense; it is on the contrary totally destitute of the means of discerning or reflecting upon the nature or order of the ends it is instrumental in accomplishing, through the medium of its subordinate voluntary perceptions and powers,— A] though it is in the habit of exercising the most accurate
the true nature’ of Tustinct. 13
science and means; for the fulfilment of these ends, it yet cannot look down with an approving or disapproving perception upon the region or sphere of its natural powers; it evidently has no perception of any moral superiority in itself over the most vulgar worm that crawls.. But if brute creatures were capable of moral consciousness, they would be capable of elevation in the scale of being; and this little insect, the bee, judging from its actions; would, were it capable of that species of consciousness, not only rank above most of the larger classes of animals, but would, on the score of fidelity and integrity, put human nature to the blush. I |
Were it not that much has been said in favour of the alledged moral consciousness of brutes, it might perhaps be impertinent to proceed further in the endeavour to disprove it; but so strong are appearances in its favour, that, although we deny the affirma- tive in the abstract, by an unequivocal assent to the proposition, that brutes are rot accountable beings; yet we are too ready to admit i£ in particular instances, in which we are wont to ascribe a moral consciousness to the particular moral action we see per- formed by au animal. There is a strong tendency to mistake the cause instrumental, for the cause principal, in this as in other “cases; by which we are insensibly led to assign the sum total of the attribute to the visible agent, without stopping to consider further of the matter. Thus gratitude, which is a moral quality in man, is thought to be moral also in the dog ; but surely ‘no one, upon mature consideration of the subject, will imagine that the dog reflects on the inclination or desire he feels to act in a manner which we view as grateful; and that he is pleased with the survey and reflection ;—that the moral quality of his actions becomes objective to him ;—aud yet this is absolutely necessary in order to constitute a moral consciousness ; for to effect this, it is not only necessary that the action be outwardly or. in effect moral, but that this moral action be reflected upon as such, in order that its moral quality may bé thus perceived and felt. Moral consciousness can only be produced by the moral quality of the action becoming oljective—by its being reflected upon from a superior eminence, and in a superior light, —by à soul within
14 - An Inquiry respecting
and above the lower, animal, or natural mind. But that brutes do not possess this higher conscious faculty, or soul, ‘is made evident by this ;—that if a particular individual of a species did possess it, such individual would be necessarily raised by it, as to its nature; which does not in any case occur. "Thus, with respect to the gratitude and fidelity of the dog, no greater ap- parent moral sagacity can be exercised by any animal; yet. being totally unable to contemplate his gratitude or fidelity in the abstract, as objects of a, superior perception and consciousness, those virtues are to him as if they existed not :—to’ man alone this moral consciousness is proper, to the animal it is absolutely a non-entity ; he is not in the smallest degree more moral on ac- count of his apparent moral qualities, for they are indeed only apparently his‘own, because they do not reach down, if I may be allewed the expression, to the seat of his proper consciousness ;— but consist in powers or energies which act above it : he possesses an apparent moral sagacit y, but without any moral consciousness or perception concerning.it. To make this plain by an example: the dog, if he saves his master from drowning, or preserves his life in any more remarkable manner, such as that in the instance we have before related, reflects not upon any moral nobleness or disinte- ‘restedness in the action; he is not at all the more refined for having ‘performed an action, which, morally considered, would tend to raise his nature; on the contrary, he lives on as before, like the rest of his canine brethren, in no respect more elevated in the scale of being; and yet it is certain that in this action his highest natural powers of proper volition, and mental dise crimination and comparison, which we may term moral sagacity, «ave been brought into full exercise. ' Bot it will perhaps be objected, that animals experience delight in the exercise of moral qualities as such ; the dog, for instance, in gratitude. I answer, that every animal must necessarily have a delight annexed to that exercise of its powers by which it’ fulfils «ће end of its being ; and the dog, as the natural guardian of man, has natural inclinations implanted in him, for the purpose of render- ing him such ; but his delight in the exercise of the inclinations, even. when they are directed: to moral acts, is purely natural, and
the true nature of Instinct. 15
in no wise moral ; for, as already abserved, no one in this case will imagine that the dog either reflects upon his gratitude, or is pleased with it as a moral quality. On the contrary, it is plain that the animal's delight is solely owing to its conscious mind being determined to the exercise of its natural qualities or inclina- tions, which are those of morally unconscious obedience and friend- ship to man ; this being the end for which he is created.
- "The horse, who in his aptitude for war discovers a quality neces- sary to render him instrumental in redressing the injuries of man, is characterised as an emulous and a generous animal; yet neither generosity nor emulation, considered as moral qualities, are objects of reflection to him; if they were, miserable indeed would be the fate-of the devoted charger, whose latter existence is spent in the metamorphosis of a poor, patient, unpitied hack. But in the adorable economy of the Creator, it is provided that the sufferings ef this noble animal shall be natural merely : he is incapable of being made conscious by reflection, either of the generosity, the emulation, or the pride, which his actions may have exhibited : although he has shewn them all, they have not become objective to him, inasmuch as he is unfurnished with a morally conscious soul, by which alone this could be effected ; and it is happy for him that heither glory nor emulation can be attributed to him, otherwise than as the unconscious subject in which those high qualities are éxhibited. — ^ اوا“ i } t
: The mutual fidelity between the sexes, observable in: doves and other birds, forms a distinguished featuré in moral instinct $ yet we catinot suppose that the virtue of chastity or of conjugal fidelity is at all intended by the creature, or attributable to it's although its actions are precisely the same as if such moral end were contem- plated and intended ‘by it: the polygamous species, indeed, have &'claim equally as good as the monogamous, to the virtue of thas- tify, as fur as regards their own conscious nature. But surely there must be moral powers which act'upon and guide the natures “Of animals in order to produce thése effects, while the creature is accessary, in-apparent freedom, and unconscious of the power thüsexerted on it ; the wonderful exhibition of conjugal and social affections in some species of marine animals, in the T'rickechi Bo-
16 ; An Inquiry respecting
reales, for instance, is altogether superior to what can be explained: upon any other principles;—they will die in protecting their mates, and each other. In their manners they are peaceable and harmless, bearing the strongest attachment to each other ; but when attacked, some will strive to overset the boat, by going beneath it; others fling themselves on the rope of the hook by which their comrade is held, and endeavour to break it; while others again make efforts to wrench the instrument out of the body of their wounded com- panion : none desert him, but persist in their courageous efforts for his rescue, even to the last! Their attachment to their mates, is, if possible, still more astonishing, and cannot be contemplated without exciting the most vivid sympathy and admiration. It is indeed the most perfect lesson of fidelity and heroic devotion*. If in this case we could suppose the creatures capable of reflecting upon the nature of their actions, which are the evident results of a moral influence, what must we think of them?—or rather, what must we not think of them? For it is to be observed, that this conduct is adapted to circumstances, and discovers an apparent ‘rational discrimination, as well as an apparent moral consciousness ў in the means employed by the creatures towards the accomplish- ment of the ends which the exigency suggests.
The controling energies which direct the limited conscious powers of brute creatures to particular ends, are wonderfully dis- played again in the economy of the cuckoo, which lays its eggs in the nest of the hedge-sparrow, and in those of other small birds ; these birds, so far from molesting the young viene dits in a singularly curious manner, expels its companions, the small birds’ progeny, from the nest, in order that itself may be exclu- sively and adequately fed by the parents,—feed and cherish it, till it arrives at nearly its full growth; that is, until it is four or five times the size of the foster-parents.t The cuckoo, as if conscious that one of her overgrown nurslings would be quite suf- ficient for the hedge sparrow or wagtail to attend to and provide for, although she lays several eggs, deposits them in as many
* Bingley's Anim. Biog. vol. i, p. 177, et seq.
* Jenner's Observations on the Nat. Hist. of the Cuckoo, Phil. Trans. vol. Ixxviii, p. 221, et seq.
the true nature of Instinct. 17
strange nests, belonging to these little birds ; for she never builds herself: she acts, in fact, as if she calculated exactly what should and what would be done by others, for the rearing of her progeny. Another very curious circumstance noticed by Dr. Jenner, in con- nection with his remarks on the natural history of the cuckoo, is the power exercised by birds,—which, he says, may arise from <“ some hidden cause in the animal economy,”—either of retarding or of accelerating the production of their eggs, according to cir- cumstances... Moral ànd intellectual design and active energy, above the conscious faculties of the creature, is surely evident in all this; for the creature is not a mere piece of mechanism, but bas a manifest conscious freedom іп the performance of its peculiar natural acts ; but which freedom is thus as manifestly controlled by superior influences, of which it is unconscious. Нож, other- wise, can we possibly account for the incessant endeavours of the young cuckoo to dislodge its fellow inmates of the nest, while,.as yet, it has scarcely extricated itself from the egg: it cannot re- flect upon the necessity of its operations either for ultimate preser- vation, or for present convenience; yet it acts as if it did, and takes the most effectual means for the accomplishment of those ends. Will those who attribute design to such actions, say, that the de- sign of taking the immediate steps necessary for the preservation of the creature can reside within its own consciousness? It surely cannot.—The final purposes which are the primary motives of its actions, are far above what it can either conceive or survey ; otherwise the cuckoo must indeed be a ©© rara avis in terris," a feathered philosopher of no mean or despicable talent.
. One of the strongest instances of apparent moral sagacity, is that well-known oue recorded of the Elephant, which is said to have taken place in Delhi. An Elephant having killed his Cornac or go- vernor, it is related that the man's wife, in despair, threw her two children before the animal, saying, «now you have destroyed their father, you may as weli put an end to their lives and mine," —upon which the animal, relenting, and taking up the biggest of the children with his trunk, placed him upon his neck, and hav- ing thus adopted him for his Cornac, would never afterwards per-
mit any other person to mount him. In this case we cannot suppose Vor. I. B j
18 -An Inquiry respecting
the animal to have reflected upon the deed of slaughter he had committed as wrong, nor upon the act of atonement or reconcilia- tion as right, without making him an accountable agent; there are, however, the strongest possible features of right and wrong, in the two acts and their attendant circumstances, which must unquestionably belong to an agency above the proper conscious- ness of the creature. For we have here a case of moral exigency, and also of reasoning and intellectual exigency ;—so much of moral and intellectual motive adapted to the circumstances and moral re- quirement of the case, that if the cause principal be referred to any’ power within the consciousness of the creature, we must inevitably pronounce it to be a moral and intellectual being. But surely we shall not assert this from the mere appearance of the thing, and without reference to the general quality of the animal's nature asa whole, which clearly, and for the reasons I have already dwelt upon, marks its limit, and designates it to be neither moral nor intellectual as to its proper consciousness ;—thus not at all so in it-- self, but only apparently so, by being acted upon by some power or agency above the stream of its consciousness ; and which agency must unquestionably be of a moral and intellectual character, or it never could impel the animal to the exercise of those powers of which it is conscious, in the performance of actions possessing the: strongest possible moral characteristics.
If brutes then are incapable of viewing moral qualities objectively, and reflecting upon them as such, they must necessarily be desti- tute of that perception of moral differences, with which the power of exercising their moral sagacity must be connected ; moral saga- city, therefore, cannot exist at all in them otherwise than appa- rently ; and this conclusion is exactly what a candid estimation of brute powers seems to lead to; namely, that they are actuated by moral energies of which they are not conscious, and which there- fore are not properly theirs; and that these energies operating upon their proper conscious perceptions—which may be termed: natural perceptions to distinguish them from those which are moral and intellectual,—furnish the motive principles which serve to in- duce them to apply their conscious powers in a certain manner ;— thus producing what is apparently moral in them, .without their:
a Iu 7
the true nature of Instinct. 19
being conscious that it is so, and which thus is really not so as to them. The seat of these moral energies within them, therefore appears to be a secret region in their minds, above the seat of their natural perceptions ; the latter serving as a plane, as it were, for the operation of such superior powers, which, under the Divine control, dispose them to the fulfilment of the ends they are de- signed for.
In this manner it is possible to account for those surprising ap- pearances of moral excellence in the actions of animals, which we observe them to display, and which are so totally above their proper conscious powers :—a moral excellence, which, as we have seen, appears iu many instances more perfect and undeviating than that of the generality of human agents, and which therefore cannot be the result of any conscious freedom in the creature, unless wé suppose them, in particular instances, raised higher in moral per- ception and determination than even man himself. It is by con? founding the limited freedom of brute action with the: superior energies, which, unknown to them, actuate their conscious powers, that their nature has been so far mistaken, as to be con= sidered the same in kind with, and only iratis ui in NEN from; that of man. : j : Us
Herein then consists one proper limitation of the brute mind :— although apparently moral it is in.reality not so, but merely na- tural, and is operated upon by moral causes above its own consci» ousness, and which lead it to the performance of actions which, in effect, are moral, as considered objectively by the haman mind? _ From a comparison of this view of the nature of the consciousness of animals with that of man, the latter agent alone appears capable of considering and appreciating the nature of his own actions, and those of the inferior creation; he alone is coascious of moral, in tellectual, and scientific energies and perceptions ; and being, ‘in’ consequence of this moral and intellectual faculty, at liberty to estimate and direct all lower operations, is in moral and zntellec- tual, as well as in natural freedom; whereas the brute is in the latter only. From the most dispassionate survey of brute nature, it, does not appear that the creatures bave any reflex perception: respecting the qualities of their own discernment, or of the moral?
B2
20 ` An Inquiry respecting
energies, or scientific powers, which they display : on the contrary, it appears sufficiently evident that with respect to any perception of their own qualities in the abstract, the wisest is no wiser than the dullest, and the dullest is equally wise with the wisest; the most moral as little so as the least, and vice versa: the Peacock bas no more perception of the pride he is famed for, than the Horse or the Lion have of their generosity ; than the Fox has of his cunning, or the Tiger of his cruelty.
From these considerations, there is in appearance the strongest probability that the moral world, good and evil, may be in action upon, although above the stream of, the natural world, or above the- consciousness of lower existence ; and that the former may thus operate upon the latter as a cause upon an effect. But be this as it may, it appears certain, that moral qualities being objective in the mind of man, he alone is possessed of moral consciousness and moral freedom of action ; thus isan inhabitant of both the mo- ral and the natural world ; and that as moral qualities do not be- come objective in the minds of brutes, or as the moral actions which they perform are not reflected upon by them, as such, nor are in any respect the effects of moral choice and discrimination oz their parts, they are therefore not possessed of moral conscious- ness, nor of moral freedom of action ; and thus are not inhabitants of the moral world,—although acted npon by it,—but of the natural world only.
. Having thus concluded my preliminary remarks on the moral qualities exhibited by brutes, I proceed to consider those which are of an intellectual and scientific character, —to the illustration, consequently, of the second proposition given in a former page.— As moral perception appears to be excluded from the conscious sphere of the brute mind, so neither do brutes appear to possess any reflex power of contemplating the principles of intelligence and science by which, or rather according to which, they act. They appear to possess no power of taking an intellectual recognizance of this intelligence and science so remarkable in many of their ac- tions ; and may be considered as possessing only an inferior, or what may be called animal mind, capable of being influenced or direct- ed, but incapable of viewing or appreciating the powers or ener-
the true nature of Instinct. 21
gies which thus influence and direct it in the most essential of its actions. Man is endowed with the love of science ; he, therefore, experiences a delight proper to his nature as a scientific agent; from the contemplation of a means which is instrumental in the accom- plishment of an end: he is also gifted with the love:of usefulness, and therefore receives a moral delight from the accomplishment of the end itself, which science is the means of effecting. Not so the brute :—the architectural contrivance and discrimination of the Beaver, which is nevertheless much inferior to that of various species of Termites ;—the surprising intelligence of. the Hive-bee and others of the Apes;—the ingenious mechanism of the spider :— all these determinations of iustinct, which, when viewed in.connec- tion with the animals in whom they are displayed, are so astonish- ing, form no objects of contemplation to them, while to {һе hu- man mind they are the subjects: of intellectual perception and reflection, advancing in many instances even to sublimity. _ When: we observe, in the insect world, in beings apparently the most insignificant, an intelligence the most perfect, presenting the ` most wonderful foresight, provision, and design, we are led at once to the recognition of this intelligence, as a principle which cannot, with any degree of propriety, be attributed to the creature, as properly its own ; and we perceive, that in these instances thus to attribute it to those humble animals, would be to raise them to an eminence far above the most sagacious quadrupeds. . Innuinerable are the instances among insects, in which the agency of intellectual and scientific powers, altogether superior to the proper consciousness of the creatures, is to be observed ; and it may be remarked, that as we descend in the scale of sentient being, this intellectual agency appears to develope itself in a man- ner proportionably more wonderful ; so as.to afford the most sub- stantial evidences of the reality of its existence aud operation. : That Bees exercise the principles of a science, of which they are wholly unconscious, is beautifully exemplified in the construc- tion of their cells ; the general form of these, it is well known, is that which includes a greater space than any other which could be: given to them, without leaving a void space between the contigu- ous cells; each of which, from this circumstance, supplies one of the
22 . An Inquiry respecting
walls of each of the six cells which surround it. But, < it is to be remarked, that though the general form of the cells is hexagonal, that of those first begun is pentagonal, the side next the top of the hive, and by which the comb is attached, being much broader than the rest; whence the comb is more strongly united to the hive than if these cells were of the ordinary shape. It of course follows that the base of these cells, instead of being formed like those of the hexagonal cells of three rhomboids, consists ah one rhomboid and two trapeziums."*
Here then are effects both of geometry and philosophy, although the creatures are neither geometricians nor philosophers. They indeed act precisely as geometricians and: philosophers would act, were they to undertake constructing the same thing with the same end in view. Neither can we conceive them in their process of collecting honey and storing it up, as actuated by any reflection upon the nature of the act ; or as contemplating a season of winter when their labours must cease. Actuated by an impressing influence to gather and store up, and led to the immediate means and to the best mode of applying them, their consciousness, although it reaches to and embraces the whole of the sensible detail of the operations to which it is directed, and includes a gratification re- sulting from the exercise of its inferior powers, reaches no further : their conscious world consists of the sensible images of flowers and fields and combs and honey ; in these, as to themselves, “ they live and move and have their being :"—they advance no higher; —they know nothing of a regular hexagon, separate from a honey comb, nor can they reason upon the consequences of their actions.
Reason, intelligence and science, therefore, cannot, as is asserted by some philosophers, t be the result of instinct; or the Bee would certainly be a reasoner: it must be evident, on the contrary, that
its consciousness can reach only to the immediate inferior acts
themselves, to which it is directed by a potent energy operating upon its nature.
. Exercising in voluntary consciousness the inferior powers just mentioned, the animal is led and informed by an influence, im-
* Kirby and Spence, vol. i, p, 496. + See Smellie’s Philos, of Nat, Hist, ut supra,
the true nature of Instinct. '23
_ pressing its conscious mind, and producing the effects of the most perfect science ; thereby accomplishing those objects which con- stitute the ends of its existence. No effect can be produced without ‚а cause, and the Bee is either a scientific and intellectual being, or it is the instrument of an agency that is of such a quality, operating in and upon its animal mind, in a sphere above its proper perception.
Other less familiar, but not less wonderful instances of the me- chanical and even philosophical powers exerted in the actions of insects, are exhibited to us in whatever quarter we contemplate their economy. The larva of a small Moth, (P. Tinea serratella L, ) constructs a little cylindrical tower for its residence upon the surface of a leaf, and uses the utmost ingenuity to fix and retain it ina position perpendicular to the site, by attaching silken threads from a protuberance at its base to the surrounding surface ; and when the stability of its habitation is threatened by external vio- lence, it produces a vacuum by drawing itself up to the summit of its tower, which at other times it completely fills; © апа thus as effectually fastens it to the leaf as if an air-pump had been em- ployed ;” and in order to preserve the power of forming this va- cuum, the insect never eats through the lower epidermis, or infe- rior surface of his esplanade on the leaf :—yet so insignificant is this little creature as to its bulk, that its castle appears like a small spine on the leaf to which it is attached.* | _ Equally curious is the history of insect architecture in other іп» stances, as in the Aquatic Spider, ( Aranea aquatica, ) whose habi- tation < is built in the midst of water, and formed, in fact, of air I» This creature spins a frame work for her intended chamber, which she. attaches to the leaves of aquatic plants growing at the bottom of the water, and having spread over the threads which form this frame work a transparent. varnish resembling liquid glass, and very elastic, she next spreads over her belly a pellicle of the same та» terial, and ascending to the surface of the water, by some means not fully ascertained, transfers a bubble of air beneath this pel- licle, and then descending to her structure, discharges the bubble into it, until, by successively repeating the operation, she effects
| * Kirby and Spence, vol. i, p. 462.
`
24 An Inquiry respecting
the expansion of her aérial sub-aquatic tenement to its proper ha- bitable dimensious.*
The entire history indeed of the various species of the Spider and of the Bee teems with wonders, and supplies an ample stock of evidence in support of the proposition that they are guided and in- structed by an intelligence which they do not themselves perceive. But as their history may be seen at large in the excellent work on Entomology from which our illustrations from that science have hitherto been derived, I forbear to swell the catalogue ; and shall conclude this branch of the subject, by adducing from the same work, two remarkable instances, exemplifying, in the larva of a species of Myrmeleon, and in the Termes fatalis, the most extraor- diuary and surprising operations, totally incompatible with any conscious scientific ability of the creatures; appending to these some remarks on the inferences drawn by Messrs. Kirby and Spence, from a singular case of instinct, adapted to contingency, in the Humble-bee.
The first mentioned insect, whose length when full grown, is about half an inch, and whose shape slightly resembles that of the Wood-louse, is an inhabitant of the south of Europe, feeds upon the juices of Ants and other insects, digging a conical hole or pit for the purpose of entrapping them. This it effects by tracinga circle in a soil of loose dry sand, and excavating with surprising dexte- rity a furrow within the included space ; loading its flat head by means of one leg with a portion of the sand, which it jerks adroitly over the boundary ; aud working backwards till it arrives at the part of the circle whence it started; it then traces a new circle and proceeds with the work, constantly throwing the sand from the interior, till it completes its pit to the bottom or apex. It is indefatigable in its labours, and relieves the leg which it uses as a shovel to load its head, by working through each successive circle in an opposite direction, and thus exercising each leg alter- nately, always working with the one next the centre. When it meets with stones too large to be jerked from its head, it contrives to get them poised upon its back, and if in ascending the side of the pit, the stone should be again precipitated, in renewing its attempt
* Kirby and Spence, vol. i, p. 475.
the true nature of Instinct. 95
‘to carry it up, it avails itself of the channel made by the falling stone, as a road, against the sides of which it can support and di- rect its load in the ascent. Stationed at the bottom of its little pit, if an Ant should stumble over the margin it hastens.the descent and capture of its prey by the fall of little loads of sand which it jerks in quick succession upon the escaping insect.* All this however is surpassed by the Termites, whose nests are formed of clay, and are as large as huts, being generally of no less a height than 12 feet, and broad in proportion, and which when in clusters resemble an Indian village, and may at a distance be mistaken for one. The interior of one of these structures presents a most surprising skill and intelligence, both in the construction and appropriation. The apartments, avenues, and communications, consisting of vaulted chambers, built of ‘various materials, galleries constructed spirally Sor the facility of ascent, arches or bridges of communication said to be projected, not excavated, are appropriated for royal and other apartments, nurseries, magazines, &c. No one can surely contemplate the gigantic, and at the same time scientific, operations of these wonderful creatures,—which yet are scarcely the fourth of an inch in Jength,—without feeling struck by the manifestation of an agency far above the discrimination of the subjects in whose ac- tions it is presented, and whose economy is justly characterized as “Са miracle of nature.”+
- But the operations of an intelligence in the conduct of the insect race, superior to the conscious faculties of the creature, is made still more manifest by its appearance not only in what has been called blind instinct,—which term itself rightly interpreted, must imply the existence of controling influences,—but also by its de- velopement in strictly contingent acts, affording evidences of the same intelligent design and adaptation, in agreement with what such particular circumstances require. “That such do really occur a following extract will satisfactorily demonstrate.
“In the course of his ingenious and numerous experiments M. Huber put under a bell glass about a dozen humble. bees without any store of wax, along with a comb of about ten silken cocoons so unequal in height that it was impossible the mass should stand
* Kirby and Spence, vol. i, p. 429. T Ibid. vol. i, p. 513.
26 An Inquiry respecting
firmly. Its unsteadiness disquieted the humble bees extremely. Their affection for their young led them to mount upon the cocoons for the sake of imparting warmth to the inclosed little ones, but in attempting this the comb tottered so violently, that:the scheme was almost impracticable. То remedy this inconvenience, and to make the comb steady they had recourse to a most ingenious expe» dient. Two or three bees got upon the comb, stretched them- selves over its edge, and with their heads downwards fixed their fore feet on the table upon which it stood, whilst with their hind feet they kept it from falling. In this constrained and painful pos- ture, fresh bees relieving their comrades when weary, did these affectionate little insects support the comb for nearly three days ! at the end of this period they had prepared a sufficiency of wax with which they built pillars that kept it in a firm position: but by some accident afterwards these got displaced, when they had again recourse to their former manceuvre for supplying their place, and this operation they perseveringly continued until M. Huber, pitying their hard case, relieved them by fixing the object of their attention firmly on the table.
* It is impossible,” the authors remark, ** not to be struck with the reflection that this most singular fact is inexplicable on the supposition that insects are impelled to their operations by a blind instinct alone. How could mere machines have thus provided for a case which in a state of nature has probably never occurred to ten nests of Humble-bees since the creation? If in this instance these little animals were not guided by a process of reasoning, what is the distinction between reason and instinct? How could the most profound architect have better adapted the means to the end —how more dexterously shored up a tottering edifice, until his. beams and his props were in readiness ??#
A process of reasoning, or intellectual deduction, is here cer- tainly incontrovertible, but this, at the same time, is so much beyond the nature and condition of the creature, that we cannot suppose it performed within its proper consciousness. What then in this case, and if in this case, in every other, is the distinction between reason and instinct ? It is, I apprehend, this ;—reason is
* Kirby and Spence, vol. i, p. 381,
the true nature of Instinct. 27
a deduction of intellect within the conscious perception of the suba ject whose actions exhibit it :—instinct is a similar deduction of intellect, not within, but above the conscious perception of the subject whose actions exhibit it. Fora consciousness of possessing and exercising such intelligence cannot exist without elevating its subject to that intellectual freedom which is the proper and dis- tinguishing characteristic of human rationality.
- If we ascend to the higher classes of animals, fewer instances occur of those operations which include in them principles of science; and the actions of this character which are to be observed among such animals, do not appear to arise from a conscious free principle; but to be the result of a dictation, similar to that by which the ope- rations of the insect world are carried on; as in the case of the Beaver in the construction of his dam and hut. In the higher orders of animals, indeed, we lose sight of the more astonishing displays of science which abound in some of the inferior tribes, as in in- sects ;—as if to mark that such science is not the conscious property of the brute nature. Thus the Mammalia appear to be more particularly the subjects, in which a moral intelligence is opera- tive, and thus are capable of being rendered more: immediately: instrumental to the moral uses to which many species.of them aé directed by man: whereas the insect tribes appear to be more particularly the subjects in which a scientific intelligence is dis- - played; I say more particularly, because the agencies in all cases are evidently both moral and scientific, although operating di- versely, so as to produce the appearance of such distinction ; for in every case the influent agency must be moral as regarding the end ; and scientific as regarding the means ; and iu the larger quadrupeds the effects of moral intelligence are as finely illustrated: ` by the Horse, the Elephant, the Camel and the Dog, as are the effects of scientific intelligencein the operations of insects. In every: case in which science is displayed in the actions of quadrupeds, it is evidently, as respects the creatures, as much above any conscious perception of their own, as it is in the case of insects :—in this. respect the Bee and the Beaver are both ona par, and it would be- unreasonable to concede a perception of science to the latter, and at- same time to deny it to the former. - Neither does the Dog possess:
28 An Inquiry respecting `
any advantage over the Bee or the Beaver in this respect; the 'in- stinctive science he displays in the chace is evidently not objec- tively reflected upon by him, -which is manifest from the fact that his ordinary nature is not at all elevated or refined by айу percep- tions or conclusions which would result from the view of his acute instinctive discriminations. The Dog, as we all know, is a keen and clever sportsman ; but if in this case his discriminations were the result of reflection, —if he had the power of consciously re- flecting in himself, at the time of the chace, on what was proper to be done and on the best means of procedure ; and if this power were not derived from some hidden principle of impulse acting upon his conscious nature, he would have the power to reflect, sub- sequently, both upon the means and the action, the whole of which would thus be made the object of his proper reflection. He would thus be able to take an intellectual view of the chace, and of his own peculiar capabilities ; the door of analysis would be opened to him ; and, contrary to the fact, he would thus advance at least one step in the scale of intellect. If however we admit,—what seems to accord alike with reason and with fact,—that his con- scious mind must have been, in this exercise of his instinct, im- pressed by an agency above it, no such consequence as that alluded to would follow, from the most wonderful display of adroitness and discrimination. The impression ceasing or subsiding with the re- quirement, would leave him precisely where it found him; and accordingly we find, that the Hound, who displays the most con- summate skill and manceuvre in the chace, remains stationary, aud does not ascend into the scale of intellectual consciousness; nor can he as to intellectual superiority be ranked above the contemned and undignified Cur.
The incongruities in the actions of brutes, afford again striking proofs that they act under the operation of an intelligence superior. to the plane of their proper perception ; aud which, if we consider it as affecting them through a limited channel, by particular im- pressions on their conscious faculties, will account for the wonder- ful operations performed by many of them, who are not in any wise remarkable for their general sagacity ; whose traits of perfec- tion are circumscribed by an exceedingly narrow limit, and which
the true nature of Instinct. 29
are yet, within that limit, truly astonishing. ‘‘ With what caution does the hen provide herself a nest in places unfrequented and free from noise and disturbance ? When she has laid her eggs in such a manner that she can cover them, what care does she take in turn- ing them frequently that all parts may partake of the vital warmth ? When she leaves them to provide for her necessary sustenance, how punctually does she return before they have time to cool, and become incapable of producing an animal? In the summer you see her giving herself greater freedoms, and quitting her care for above two hours together, but in winter, when the rigour of the season would chill the principles of life and destroy the young one, she grows more assiduous in her attendance, and stays away but half the time. When the birth approaches, with how much nicety and attention does she help the chick to break its prison; not to, notice her covering it from the injuries of the weather, providing it proper nourishment, and teaching it to help itself; nor to mention her forsaking the nest, if after the usual time of reckoning, the young one does not make its appear- ance. A chemical operation could not be followed with greater art and diligence than is seen.in the hatching of a chick ; though there are many other birds that show an infinitely greater sagacity in all the forementioned particulars. ation < But at the same time the hen that has all this seeming in- genuity, (which is indeed absolutely necessary for the propagation of the species), considered in other respects, is without the least glimmerings of thought or common sense. She mistakes a piece. of chalk for an egg, aud sits upon it in the same manner: she is. insensible of any increase or diminution in the number of those. she lays: she does not distinguish between her own and those of another species, and when the birth appears, of never so different a bird, will cherish it for her own. | In all these circumstances, which do not carry an immediate regard to the subsistence of herself or her species, she is a very idiot." * . 2 A similar incongruity, incompatible with the rational. exercise of. the intellectual principle of foresight, upon the supposition of that principle being proper to the mind of. the creature, is. ex-. . * Spectator. №, 120...
$0 ‘An Inquiry respecting `
hibited by the Hamster Rat, (Mus Cricetus). The principle óf foresight as exhibited in this animal, who lays up food, * not
for his winter’s support, (since during that season he always 1 sleeps,) but for his nourishment previously to the commencement, and after the conclusion of his state of torpidity,"* cannot be con- sidered as a principle of which he has any consciousness what- ever; for had the Hamster a conscious perception and apprecia- tion of such a principle, he would be led to apply it in other cases, as well as in that of storing up food for the preservation of his life ; but as if to demonstrate the irrationality of the animal, he attacks with blind fury the largest quadruped that comes in his way; instead of seeking safety by flight, like most other creatures in whom the principle of caution is observable ; and which a rational foresight would necessarily impel him to, wher menaced with destruction by a gigantic adversary.
The Arctic Fox, as Crantz relates, enters the water and splashes with his foot to bring up the fish, which he then seizes ; and the Greenland women, profiting by his example, employ with success’ a similar artifice : the Fox surely does not reflect either upon the act or the means as the women must do; in him the act is evidently spontaneous, and does not flow from any thought, of which analysis is predicable. í - The limitation of the brute mind, and its exclusion from in- tellectual consciousness, or proper reflection, is also apparent in the inutility of speech to such animals as can be taught to articulate, in effecting. any thing beyond imitation; evincing clearly the incommunicability of the power of reason to the creature ;—while, at the same time, it-illustrates the power of the influence of the human mind, as exerted upon the mind and: faculties of the animal, and ascertains the limit of that influence.’ There can be no reasoning without reflection, no reflection’ without intellectual freedom: if this reflection and this freedom · were the attribute of the brute,—how, I ask, should we deny him: a share of human consciousness. Does this consciousness, in kind, exist in the brute mind? and are they endowed with it for по” other purpose than to produce,— what it could not fail to, pro~
* Bing. Anim. Bioz. vol. i; 452.
the true nature of Instinct. . Si
duce,—the sensible perception of their own individual degrada- tion ?—or, would it not follow, upon such an admission of the rationality of brutes, that we should he very likely to see the fable realized of the Mice holding a Council to “ bell the Cat,” and absolutely devising a successful stratagem to effect their pur- pose? Is there, upon such a principle, any ground for asserting, that, with proper care, we might not be able to rear a few four- legged philosophers and mechanicians, of at least tolerable eru- dition and science? or rather, the principle being admitted, can it be safely denied that they do not already exist?
I am aware that there is a class of actions which are in great mea- sure modifications arising from the influence of education and habit, and which, perhaps, appear more strongly than any others to'favour- the supposition that brutes are possessed, in some degree, of the’ power of analysis and reason; but as this appearance is of во: prominent a character, and is so closely allied to their specific. mental capabilities, I purpose to enter upon a more particular consideration of it in the course of these Essays. I shall only: remark, for the present, that the natures of brutes no doubt evince a strong susceptibility of being influenced, within certain limits, by the human mind; but this susceptibility of sub= servience to human intelligence, so far from militating against the: views here offered of the proper nature of brutes, appears rather- to strengthen and confirm the position, that they are affected by: influences above their own consciousness; and that the wisdom of: the Creator has so constituted their natures as to be affected by the: influence of mediate agencies, in order to the production of the: various ends which it may be necessary should be accomplished: through their instrumentality. : ` Y need scarcely remark that the general views attempted to be’
established by the foregoing observations, cannot be adequately’ illustrated in the limited survey of a Preliminary Essay :—their: further ‘developement must rest upon a more extended examina tion of the particular functions, which, taken collectively, form the: brute economy. Certain it is, however, that the liberty and freedom of the human mind forms the basis of its rationality and intelligence, which is no doubt aided by an influent light and
39 An Inquiry respecting the true nature of Instinct.
perception, received from the Source of all Being; the conscious- ness of which influence connects him more immediately with that Source ;—and that the absence of freedom in the brute mind, in this respect, forms the basis of its irrationality, and demonstrates that the influent light and perception which gives birth to the surprising actions we see animals perform, forms no part of their conscious nature. Thus brutes are evidently connected with the Author of Creation, though in a manner more remote than man.
‚ The freedom of man consists in his being able to take a survey from an eminence, as it were, of the various discriminations which he himself effects, and which, by various agencies, are effected throughout lower existence; hence, although man possesses a lower or animal mind, similar, as considered distinctly and by itself, to the brute mind, and which inferior mind or region he looks down upon from an intellectual eminence, it is evident that his consciousness respecting even the things of this inferior region is illumined, by the glorious light of intellect and ration- ality which is proper to him. The brute, on the contrary, does not survey from an elevated sphere the discriminatious which he himself effects, nor those of nature which are in operation around him; although these discriminations, as effected by himself and by the other subjects of creation around him, are calculated to lead him ou in the road of analysis, did he but possess the proper faculty. Мау we not then infer, —That intellectual and scientific qualities do not become objective in the minds of brutes; or, that the intellectual and scientific actions which they perform, are not reflected upon or contrived by them as such ; thus that they possess no intellectual or scientific con- sciousness, and consequently that no intellectual or scientific design can be attributed to them; and therefore that so much of intellectual or scientific design as appears conspicuous in their actions, must be the effect of intellectual and scientific powers or energies, acting upon them in a region of their minds above the sphere of their proper consciousness ?
Monograph on the Cebrionide, by Dr. Leach. 33
Авт. П. Monograph on the Cebrionide, a Family of Insects, by W. E. Leacu, M. D. &c.
To Joux GEORGE CHILDREN, Esq. Е. В. S, &c.* , My dear Sir, |
І send you a Monograph оп а Family of Insects, having Cebrio for its type, which was written in the year 1815, and in- tended for my Zoological Miscellany ; I have looked it over, and corrected it, and now send it to you for the New Journal, in which you are one of the Editors ; together with the description of two undescribed species of Insects, belonging to a genus established by Latreille, under the name Phengodes. |
I remain, my dear Sir, yours. most sincerel у, December 19, 1893... Wittram Erronp Lracn. ee
Cesrio, Olivier, Fabricii, Rossi, et Latreille.
CisrzLA, Rossi.
Corpus plùs aut minüs anticé inflexum. Abdomen szpius ellip- ticum, convexiusculum, aut trigonum.
“Thorax capite plùs aut minis latior. — Scutellum parvum. Elytra rigida, abdominis longitudine. Sternum anticum, in non- nullis productum, in aliis concavum, margine elevata, in aliis planum aut convexum. ` Pedes validi, femoribus crassiusculis, compressis. Tarsi pedum anteriorum et mediorum 5-articulati ; posteriorum 4-articulati. me
Caput ovatum. Oculi magni, rotundati, prominuli. Maxille membranacez. Mandibule exserte, valide, hiatu iuterposito. Antenne corporis ferê longitudine, 10-articulate, anté oculos in- sert&. Labrum brevissimum. ^ Ligulà appendice palpigerà in- structá. Palpi quatuor. HADI '
Body more or less inflexed. Abdomen most frequently elliptic, somewhat convex or triangular.
Thorax more or less broader than the head. Scutellum small. Elytra hard, of the length of the abdomen. The anterior ster-
* The Editors intend to give a Plate illustrative of the Genera descyibed in
this paper in a futnre Number. Vor. I. с
"94 Monograph ön the Cebrionide, by Dr. Leach.
num, in some of these genera, concave, with the margin elevated or réflexed, in others flat or convex ; feet strong, thighs thick and compressed, the hinder ones bear an appendage resembling a trochanter; tarsi of the fore and middle feet five-jointed, the hinder ones four-jointed. Head oval, eyes large, rounded and prominent. Maxille membranaceous, mandibule strong, ex- serted, with an hiatus interposed. Antennz nearly of the length of the body, ten-jointed and inserted before the eyes. Labrum very short; ligula furnished with a palpus-bearing appendage. Palpi four. STIRPIUM ET GENERUM SYNOPSIS.
* Thorax quadratus, antic® subangulatus. Sternum antice pros
ductum. Stirps 1.— Elytra integra, Antenne et tarsi elongati:— Antenne articulo secundo tertio breviore, ultimo abrupte mucronato.—1i. ANALESTESA. Antenne articulis secundo et tertio equalibus, aliis breviori- bus ultimo gradatim attenuato.—11. BOSCIA.
** Thorax transversus, antice rotundatus. Sternum concavum, margine dilatatá, planum aut convexum. T Stirps 2.—Elytra integra. Antennz et tarsi crassiores et breviores.
Antenne subcrasse, filiformes, simplices, longa articulis 2 et ‚ 3 brevioribus, ultimo abrupté acuminato.—u111.-CEBRIO. | . Antennz: articulis,.2 et З longitudine zqualibus, latitudinem . longitudine equante, ultimo apicem versus incrassato, abrupte acuminato.—tv. TIBESIA. | l Stirps 3.— Elytra posticé- dehiscentia. Antenne et tarsi breves. Antennz articulo tertio multo. crassiore, ultimo apicem ver- sus gradatim acuminato.—v. DUMERILIA. ‘Antenne subabrupté extrorsüm. crassiores.—vi,, HAMMONIA. Antennz filiformes, articulis moniliformibus, ultimo acuto.— Vil, BRONGNIARTIA,
GENUS L—ANALESTESA.t Antenne elongate, articulo secundo. tertio breviore, ultimo mu- cronato. -
* Prosternum, Fischer. + Habent spécies omnes hujus generis, caput superné et thoracis dorsum, densé villosa. 3
Monograph on the Cebrionide, by Dr. Leach. 35
Palpi mazillares articulo secundo longiore; articulis tertio et
quarto longitudine subequalibus, hoc apice obliqué truncato.
labiales articulo ultimo oblique truncato.
Thorax quadratus, anticé subangulatus. Sternum anticum pros ductum tarsi elongati: elytra integra.
Antenn elongate, the second shorter than the third joint; the last. pointed.
Maxillary palpi with second joint the longest, the third and fourth nearly equal in length, the latter obliquely truncated.
Labial palpi with the last joint obliquely truncated.
Thorax squared, anteriorly somewhat angulated. Anterior ster- num produced. Tarsi elongated. Elytra entire.
Species 1.—Bicolor.. А Supra faseny subtüs antennis pedibusque testaceis. Cebrio bicolor, | Fabricii Syst. Eleut. Long. corp: 16 millim : Habitat in Barbaria. Mus. Latreille.
Descr.—Caput perfuscum, supra prefundé punctatum. Man- dibule rufe, apicibus nigris. Palpi, maxille et labium sub- ferrugineo testacei. Thorax perfuscus; dorso profundé punctato. Pleura subferruginea. Pectus subferrugineum. Epigastrium et pedes saturaté testacei, tibiis et tarsis obscurioribus subfuscescen- tibus. Elytra fusca (suturà ferrugineà) striata, jugis pustulatis, punctulis elongatis striis latis obscurioribus.
. A.— Above fuscous, beneath, the antennz and feet testaceous.
Descr.—Head somewhat fuscous-brown, déeply punctured. Mandibules red, their apices black. Palpi, maxillz and lip pale- ferrugineous-clay-coloured. ^ Epigastrium and feet deep testa- .ceous, the tibia aud tarsi more obscure, of a pale fuscous- brown. Elytra deep brown, (the suture ferrugineous) and striated. 'The sides pustulated, with oblong points and broad obscure stria.
Length 7 ilines.* ` , "Inhabits Еау.
* By aline is intended the eighth ofan inch throughout this paper. —W.E.L,
c2
36 Monograph on the Cebrionide; by Dr. Leach:
Species 2.—Testacea. A.—Testacea, thorace saturatiore, capite fuscescente, Long. corp. 13 1 millim : Habitat - Mus. Brit.
Descr.—Caput suprà fuscescens, punctatum, infra testaceum ; labrum et maxille rufe, his apicibus nigris. "Thorax suprà satura- tissimé ` testaceus, punctatus. Pleura, pectüs, epigastrium et pedes testacei. Elytra testacea, striata, striis angustis ; interstitiis
densé punctatis, punctis subelongatis. A.—Testaceous, the thorax deeper, the head light-fuscous-brown. Length 5 4 lines. 1 Habitat unknown.
Descr.—Head above light fuscous brown and punctured, be- neath testaceous, labrum and maxille red, the latter with their extremities black. Thorax above very deep clay-coloured and punctured. Epigastrium and feet testaceous. Elytra testaceous, striated, strie narrow, the interstices thickly punctulated, the punctures somewhat elongated.
GENUS II.—BOSCIA.
Antenne elongate, articulo secundo et tertio equalibus ; aliis brevioribus, ultimo gradatim attenuato.
Palpi maxillares, articulis secundo et tertio longitudine qualibus, primo crasso, quarto ovato, ad apicem acuminato.
labiales articulo ultimo obliqué truncato. _ | ;
Thorax quadratus, anticè subangulatus. Sternum anticum an- ticé productum. Tarsi elongati. Elytra integra. i
Antennæ elongated, the second and, third joints equal; the others shorter, the last gradually attenuated. "Pe
Mazillary Palpi, with their second and third joints equally long ; the first thick ; the fourth oval, at its extremity acuminated. .
Labial palpi, with their last joint obliquely truncated. ,
Thorax squared, anteriorly somewhat angulated. Anterior sternum produced anteriorly. Tarsi elongated. |
Species 1.— Picea. B.— Corpore toto. piceo, antennis, palpis, pedibusque testaceis. , Long. corp. 14 4 millim :
Monograph оп the. Cebrionide, by Dr. Leach. 87
Habitat in America Boreali. Mus. Bosc. i . Descr,—Thorax profundè impresso-punctatus. Elytra tenuitér striata, interstitiis elevato-striatis. Superficies inferior punctulis impressis. B.— Body entirely pitchecoloured, the: antenne, palpi and feet « v testaceous. Илен 5 Zlines. Inhabits North America,
Descr.—Thorax impressed with deep punctures; the унн slightly striated, the interstices with elevated strie ; the under part of the body impressed with small punctures.
Species 2.—Punctata.
B.—Corpore toto aterrimo impresso-punctato. .Antennis,, palpis et pedibus piceis.
Long. corp. 2 centim: 1 millim: Habitat in America Boreali. Mus. Bosc.
‘Descr.—Thorax profundissimé, elytra mediocriter, superficies inferior et pedes leviter impresso-punctati.
Body totally jet-black, and every part with impressed punctules ; the antennz, palpi and feet Видин наар: Length about an inch. Inhabits North America.
Descr.—' Thorax very deeply impressed, the elytra moderately, the under side and the feet lightly studded with impressed
punctures. Species 3.—Oflivacea. :
B.—-Corpore suprà et infrà olivaceo ; pedibus, antennis palpisque {и olivaceo-viridescentibus. Long. corp. 1 centim : 3 i millim; Habitat in America Boreali. Mus. Bosc, Dumeril, Brongniart, Latreille. Descr.—Thorax et elytra leviter punctati, superficies inferior glaberrima, punctis minutissimis sparsa. : ‘B.—Body above and below olive-colour ; the feet, antenne, and | , palpi of an ‘olive-colour approaching to greenish-olive:
i
38 Monograph on the Cebrionide, by Dr. Leach.
Length 7 1 lines. Inhabits North America.
Descr.— Thorax and elytra slightly punctured ; the under sur- face of the body very smooth, sprinkled with very minute іт»
pressed punctures. Species 4.—Glabra.
B.— Corpore nigrescente, glaberrimo; capite, thorace, elytris; et superficie inferiore, punctis minutissimis sparsis.
Long. corp. 8 4 millim ;
Habitat in [белн Boreali.
Mus. Bosc, Latreille,
B.—The body blackish, and extremely smooth; the head, thorax,
~ elytra, and the under parts of the body, sprinkled with very minute punctures,
Length 4 4 lines.
Inhabits North America.
í Species 5.—Minuta.
B.— Corpore glaberrimo, rufescente ; antennis, palpis et pedibus | rubris.
Long. corp. 4 1 millim : Habitat in America Boreali, rarissima, Mus. Bosc.
Descr.—Caput et thorax profundé impresso-punctati. Elytra leviter striata, interstitiis impresso-punctatis. pice in- ferior punctis minutissimis sparsa.
B.—Body very smooth and reddish; the ке palpi, and ^ feet red.
Length 2 lines,
Inhabits North America, and is a very rare species.
` Descr.— The head and thorax deeply punctured ; the elytra with slight stri» ; the interstices with impressed punctures; the under part is sprinkled with innumerable and very minute punctures.
GENUS III.—CEBRIO. Antenne subcrasse, filiformes, simplices, longz, articulis secundo et tertio brevioribus, ultimo abrupté acuminato, , Palpi maaillares filiformes, capitis longitudine, articulo secundo longiore ; articulis tertio et quarto longitudine qualibus, hoc clavato.
Monograph on the Cebrionide, by Dr. Leach. 39
Palpi labiales articulo ultimo clavato. Thorax transversus, subtrapeziformis, margine postica latiore. Ster- ` pum anticum posticé mucronatum ; femora posticé appendice trochantiformi instructa. ; { у 0i Antenne rather thick, filiform, simple, long, the second and third joints shortest, the last joint abruptly acuminated.. Mazillary palpi filiform, of the length of the head, the second joint longest, the third and fourth joints are equal in length, the fourth clubbed. 30:32 Labial palpi with their last joint clubbed. Thorax transverse, somewhat trapeziform, the hinder margin broader; anterior sternum pointed behind ; hinder thighs . furnished with a trochantiform appendage.
Species 1—Promelus.
-C.— Castaneo-testaceus ; capite, antennis et thorace nigris, pectore epigastrio tibiis tarsisque fuscescentibus, coxis femoribus ventreque testaceo-croceis. ‘
Cebrio gigas. Fabr. Syst. Eleuth. Cebrio promelus. Latreille, MSS, Long. corp. 2 centim : 3 millim : ‘Habitat in Саша Australi, et in Agro Pedemontano ; jn campis post tempestates et in Paludibus. Latreille, N Descr.—Pleura ferrugineo-testacea ; ‘caput, thorax et elytra punctati, testaceo-villosi ; villi breves. Thorax lined lougitudi- nali elevatà nitidà, glabra; elytra elevato-lineata ; striis medio- cribus.
C.— Chestnut-clay-coloured ; antenna aud. thorax black, the breast, epigastrium, tibiz, and tarsi fuscous brownish, the coxa, thighs, and abdomen beneath of a clay-crocus colour.
Length 1 inch, 1 І line. ja. |
Inhabits the South of France, and Piedmont ; in plains after tem-
pests and in marshes. | | Descr.—Pleura ferugineous clay-coloured ; head, thorax, and elytra punctured, with clay-coloured down; the down short.
Thorax with a longitudinal elevated shining line; elytra with
elevated lines, the strié moderate in size. jade
40 Monograph on the Cebrionide, by Dr. Leach.
Species 2.— Fabricii. C.—Ater, epigastrio, coxis, femoribus, abdomineque toto croceis ; tibiis tarsisque fuscis. Long. corp. 1 centim: 3 1 millim : Habitat in Lusitania et Нівраіа, (regione Valentina). Mus. Latreille.
Descr.— Antenne supra nigro subtis ferrugineo-villose ; villi longi; corpus subtus croceo vestitum, femora apice extremo fus- cescentia.
Obs.—Elytra fortius elevato-lineata, sulcis intermediis latis. C.— Black, with the epigastrium, соха, thighs, and the abdomen
totally saffron-coloured, tibie and tarsi fuscous-brown. Length 4 4 lines. Inhabits Portugal and Spain in the province of Valentia.
Descr.—Antenne, above with black, below with ferruginous down, body beneath clothed with saffron-yellow down, the thighs at their extremities fuscous-brownish.
Obs.—The elytra are more strongly furnished with elevated lines, and the intermediate grooves are broad,
The elevated lines of the elytra, are not to be perceived easily on the upper aspect. In the only specimen which I had an op- portunity of examining, I observed on the thorax three impres- sions 1—2. |
Species 3.—Morio. C.—Ater, femoribus utrinque linea subtestaceà, coxis 4 anticis testaceis. Long. corp. 11 i millim : ' Habitat in Lusitania et Hispania, regione Valentina. Mus. Latreille, Macleay, Nostr. . Descr.—Caput, thorax, dorsum et elytra nigro-villosi; villi longi; antenna supra nigro subtus ferrugineo-villose ; epigas- trium, pectus et femora fusco-ferrugineo-villosa ; elytra medrio- criter elevato-lineata ; sulcis intemediis mediocribus. C.—Black, the thighs on each side marked with a somewhat clay-coloured line, the four anterior coxz clay-coloured. Length 5 lines. Inhabits Portugal and Spain in the province of Valentia.
Monograph on the Cebrionidee, by Dr. Leach. 41
Descr.—Thorax, back, and elytra punctated, and covered with black down; the down long: the antenne above covered with fuscous-brown, and beneath with ferrugineous down ; the epigas- trium, breast and thighs covered with brown-rusty down ; elytra with elevated lines ; the intermediate grooves moderate.
GENUS IV.—TIBESIA.
ane articulis 2 ct З longitudine zqualibus, latitudinem longi- tudine æquantè, ultimo apicem versus incrassato, abrupté acuminato.
Palpi mazillares, capite breviores, articulis 2 et 3 æqualibus ; quarto precedente pauló longiore, apicem versüs gradatim crassiore, apice obsoletissime obliqué subtruncato rotundato.
—— labiales, articulo ultimo gradatim clavato. .
Thorax transversus, anticé rotundatus ; sternum anticum con- cavum, margine dilatata ; tarsi crassi et breves.
Antenne, with their second and third joint equal in length, not broader than long, the last joint towards its extremity thick- ened and abruptly sharpened. '
Maxillary palpi shorter than the head, the second and third
' equal; fourth a little longer than the preceding one, towards its apex gradually thicker, the apex very obsoletely and obliquely somewhat truncated, and rounded.
Labial palpi, with their last joint clavated.
Thorax transverse anteriorly rounded ; anterior sternum concave with its margin dilated ; tarsi thick and short.
Species 1.—Ruficollis. T.—Castaneo-ferruginea, capite nigro, elytris subcastaneo-testa- ceis, antennis castaneo-fuscis. |
Cebrio ruficollis. Fabr. Syst. Eleut. Long. corp. 6 2 millim E Habitat in Barbari, Mus. Latreille.
Descr. —Antennæ articulis tribus basilaribus, labio, maxillis, palpisque ferrugineo-testaceis; mandibulz rufo-ferruginez. Caput
forté punctatum. Thorax punctatus, elytra levius punctata, oh- soleté striata, í
49 Monograph on the Cebrionide, by Dr. Leach.
C.—Chestnut-ferrugineous, the head black, elytra pale chestnut- clay-coloured, antenne chestnut-brown.
Length 31 lines.
Inhabits Barbary.
Descr.— Antenna with its three basilary joints, the lip, еб and palpi ferrugineous-clay-coloured ; mandibule red-ferrugine- ous; head deeply punctured ; thorax punctured ; elytra smooth punctured, obsoletely striated.
GENUS V.—DUMERILIA.
Antenne breves, articulo tertio multo crassiore, ultimo apicem ver- sus gradatim acuminato.
Palpi maxillares articulo secundo longiore, articulis tertio et quar- to longitudine equalibus, ultimo gradatim attenuato,
labiales articulo ultimo obtusé truncato.
Thorax transversus anticé rotundatus. Sternum anticum convexum. Tarsi breves.
Antenne short, the third joint the thickest ; the last joint towards its extremity gradually acuminated.
Maxillary Palpi with the second joint longest, the second and third equal in length, the last joint gradually attenuated.
Labial Palpi with the last joint obtusely truncated.
Thorax transverse, rounded before ; anterior sternum convex ; tarsi short.
Species 1.— Pulchra. D,—Capite nigro, thorace et elytris sanguineis, pedibus rufescenti- . bus, abdomine infra ceruleo-nigro nitente. Long 54 millim : Habitat in Africà Australi. Mus. Dumeril, Latreille, Bosc.
Descr.— Caput fortiter impresso-punctatum, thorax politus gla- berrimus, elytra tenuiter striata, interstitiis reticulatis, superfi- cies tota inferior punctis numerosissimis sparsa,
D.—Head black, thorax and elytra sanguineous, feet reddish, abdomen beneath of a shining blue black.
Length 21 lines. Inhabits southern Africa.
Descr.—Head with deeply impressed punctures, thorax polished and very smooth, elytra slightly striated, the interstices reticulated ;
Monograph on the Cebrionide, by Dr. Leach. 43
the whole inferior surface of the body is sprinkled with innume- rable impressed punctures,
In the collection of Latreille, I saw a mutilated specimen of a species, which from its general form seemed to belong to this ge- nus, It came from Barbary.
GENUS VI.—HAMMONIA.
Antenne articulis 2 et 3 longitudine ефавнвав extrorsum cras- 'Sjores.
Palpi maxillares capitis feré longitudine, articulo secundo lon- giore; articulis tertio et quarto longitudine equalibus, hoc subclavato.
——— labiales abrupté clavati.
Thorax transversus, anticé rotundatus ; sternum anticum planum 5 tarsi breves.
Antenne with the second and third joints of equal aul extere nally thicker.
Maxillary Palpi almost as long as the ied. the second joint longest; the third and fourth equal in — the latter slightly clavated.
Labial Palpi abruptly clavated.
Thorax transverse, anteriorly rounded, anterior- sternum flat, tarsi short.
Species 1.— Latreillii.*
H.— Castaneo-testacea, elytris sordidé testaceis.
Long corp. 5 1 millim :
Habitat in Etruscà et in Gallia "dE d гагіѕѕітё
Mus. Latreille. l :
Descr.— Caput, thorax et elytra punctata ; his striatis ; striis dis-
coideis, posticé confluentibus. А
H.— Chestnut clay-coloured, elytra dirty clay-coloured.
Length 24 lines.
Inhabits Tuscany and the southern parts of France very rarely.
Descr.—Head, thorax and elytra punctured ; the latter siriat- ed; the stri discoidal, confluent behind.
* M. Latréille informed me that this speeies was named by some author Cebrio brevicornis.
44 Monograph on the Cebrionide, by Dr. Leach.
Å Species 2.—Melanocephala, H. —Rufescens, capite nigro, elytris tenuiter striatis, thorace ni~ ' gro-punctato. ape
Long corp. 1 centim: 1 2 millim; Habitat in Hispania, et Таан; rarissime. Mus. Bosc. Descr.—Caput et thorax impresso-punctati; elytra glabra; abdomen infra punctis numerosissimis impressum. H.—Reddish, head black, elytra slightly striated, thorax spotted with "iw Length 4 lines. Inhabits Spain and Portugal ; very rare. Descr.—Head and shore with impressed punctures, elytra smooth, abdomen beneath with innumerable impressed punctures.
GENUS VII.—BRONGNIARTIA, |
Antenne breves, filiformes, moniliformes, articulis secundo et ter- tio longitudine zqualibus, ultimo acuto. | à; “Palpi mazillares filiformes, articulo secundo longiore ; articulis
tertio et quarto longitudine zequalibus, quarto acuto.
labiales articulo ultimo gradatim clavato. Thorax transversus, anticé rotundatus, sternum anticum convexum, tarsi breves. ; ' "Antenne short, filiform, moniliform, the second and third joints of equal length, the last acute. Maxillary Palpi filiform, the second joint longest ; the third and fourth of equal length, the fourth acute. id Labial Palpi, with the last joint gradually clubbed. z Thorax transverse, anteriorly rounded, anterior sternum apex; tarsi short. Species 1 n Ml
B.—-Corpore, pedibus et antennis atris; thorace profundé i inpren so-punctato, elytris punctato-striatis,
‘Long. corp. 7 1 millim :
Habitat in Barbarià.
.Mus. Brongniart, Bosc, Latreille.
Monograph on the Cebrionide, by Dr. Leach. 45
B.— Body, feet, and antenne black, thorax deeply impressed with punctures, elytra impressed with lines of punctures.
Length 4 lines.
аль Barbary.
On ioe Species of the Genus Phengodes* of Latreille's Mss. _
Character genericus mihi non examinandus. Qbs.—Antennarum rami ِ ciliati. |
I. PHENGODES testaceus.
P.—Testaceus, elytris apicibus antennisque fuscis, i Lampyrist plumosa, Olivier. 2 | Long. Corp. 11 millim : Habitat —— Mus. Nost. 3
Descr.—Oculi mediocres prominuli, nigri; corpus totum gla» ie tarsi postice pallidé fuscescentes ; abdomen segmentis Mer dio fuscescentibus, posticè pallidè testaceis. P.—Testaceous, elytra at their extremities, and the antenna fus-
cous-brown.
Length 4 lines. - | | Locality unknown. i } |
Descr.—Eyes moderate, prominent and obs all, the. quu smooth ; tarsi behind pale, inclining to fuscous-brown ; the middle: segments а of the abdomen inclining to fuscous-brown, behind: — clay-coloured. . | | 33.23 ا ا
II. PHENGODES flavicollis.
P. — Fuscus, thorace pectoreque fuscis. Phengodes flavicollis. Latreille Mss. Long. corp. 44 millim : Habitat in Peruvia. Ws Mus. Latreille.
Descr.—Oculi magni, ; globosi, nigri. Vertex nigricans. Os sub- ferrugineum. Palpi fuscescentes. Ala pallidé fuscescentes. - Pedes,
* 'The Baron Dejean in his catalogue of Coleoptera has Phengodes as a name given by Count Hoffmannsege. G. S.
+ More correctly Lampuris.
46 Gray on Sponges.
fusti, coxis flavis. Abdominis dorso basi flavo. Venter segmentis posticé pallidis; penultimo et antepenultimo medio iaculi flavà notatis.
Obs.—Antennz quar in P. testaceo paululim longiores, — P.—Fuscous-brown, thorax and breast yellow. | Length 2 lines.
Inhabits Peru.
Descr.—Eyes large, globose, black ; vertex blackish; mouth somewhat ferrugineous ; palpi pale-fuscous brown; wings paler than the palpi; feet pale-fuscous brown, their coxe yellow; the back of the abdomen with its base yellow ; segments of the belly yellow behind ; the last but one, and the one behind it marked in their middle with a yellow spot.
Obs.— The antennz of this species are longer than in P. testaceus:
Авт. III. On the situation and rank of Sponges in the Scale of Nature, and on their internal i by Mr. JouN Epwarp Gray.
Tue true nature of these curious bodies has for a long while been an object of great doubt to all Naturalists, for we find that most of the Ancient Natural Historians apparently regarded them as animals, although their allusions are very obscure, for Pliny, Dioscorides, and their commentators, Mathiolus, Belonus, Bar- barus, &c. &c. divided them into male and female sponges, and Aristotle in his Historia Animalium v. chap. 16, observes ‘é many people were of opinion that sponges were capable of feeling, and that they would shrink back if any one attempted to pluck them,” however he regrets this idea; but Imperati has pretended to dis- tinguish two sorts of movement common to them, the one pro- duced by the sponge itself, and the other dependant on the nature of its substance ; but Ellis, who has quoted the above passage in his Corallines, only argues on the possibility of such movement, and neither there or in his Zoophites, appears to have observed it himself; nor were Peron, or Bosc, who studied these substances, where (hey were of a large size and in immense abundance, able
Gray on Sponges. AG
' {о discover the slightest trace of mobility, therefore if it exist it has escaped the notice of these naturalists ; the only modern author who appears to have thought he observed any motion, is Montagu, see Wernerian Transactions, vol.ii; On the revival of learning the only author who regarded them as animals was Nuremberg, in his Historia Nature, published in 1635, which is only a compilation of the ancient authors ; but all those who would examine for them- selves considered them as vegetables, among whom there are Bau- hine, Ray, Tournefort, Morisson, Boerhaave, Seba, Vaillant, Marsilli, and even Linneus himself, in the prior edition of his works, classed them as plants; and Forskall, one of the most dis- tinguished of his pupils, and a most excellent zoologist, persevered in this theory even after the change of opinion of his master, pro» duced by the beautiful discovery of Peyssonell, Trembly, and Ellis. From this period, which was abouta century after the pub- lication of Nuremberg, they were again placed in the animal kings dom, but only on account of the analogy of their appearance and
manner of life, and not from the known existence of the animals, as may be known by the character which this zoologist has given to the genus. Linneus appears, like the ancients, to have. consi-
' dered them as animals themselves, respiring water, for he thus chas racterizes them in the last edition of his Systema Naturz, “ Sron- ‘e14. Flores (Foraminibus respirat aquam,) Stirps radicata, pilis contexta, plexilis, ыша,” After this period the zoologists were attracted by the gelatinous coat, first mentioned by Ellis,* which they appear to consider as an animal substance ; for thus Pallas, in 1766, characterized this genus :—Spongia: animal ambiguum; crescens, forpidissimum. Stirps polymorpha, fibris contexta, ge- latina viva obvestitis. Oscula (flores Lin) oscillantia seu caverne celluleve superficiei, Solander and Ellis, "in their Zoophites, in
LE Ellis, in his Corallines, thought that the pores were tubes, and contained the animals as in tubularia, &c. for he observes that they are formed of a reti- culated mass of tubes; and “in viewing the extremites of the upper or last shoots we shall perceive small openings at the end of their fibres, and as we trace the fibres back from the opening downwards we see a soft whitish sub- stance which fills the internal part of all the ramifications through the whole
sponge;" he continues to observe they ‘are doubtless the lodgments of animals ofa particular class ;” but this he appears to have given up in his Zoophites.
48 Gray on Sponges.
1786; Bruguière, in the French Encyclopedia; Lamark, in his Système ; Bosc; Cuvier, in his Regne Animal; and Lamouroux, in the Bulletin Philomatique, have given nearly the same charac- ters, only leaving out or adding a few words of no consequence, as Solander, respecting their being formed of spicule and fibres, and Cuvier, that the animal jelly is destitute of any organs, ог polypes ; but Lamourous, in his Histoire, has placed the marine and fresh water species in one family with this character, which plainly shews that he is doubtful of the animal structure, *¢ polypiers spongieux, inarticulés, poreux, formés de fibres entrecroisées en tout sens coriacées ou cornées, jamais tubuleuse et enduites d'une humeur gelutinguse, trés fugace, et irritable suivant е з auteurs."
From these characters it appears that the greatest dependance is placed on the living principle existing in the gelatinous coat! which appears to be the most essential and the animal part of the sponge. But to what class of animal does it belong? for its form, as the last mentioned author has stated is subordinate to that of its habitation ! is it only an animated mass! which it is possible to divide without destroying its vital principle, and in which there is no sensible or- ganization! without any appareut voluntary movement, or only such as cannot be seen by the eyes of modern zoologists ; destitute of a mouth orauy kind of organs; or is itin a word an animal dif- fering from all other animals. Blainville, in his new distribution, has observed this anomolous structure, and has formed a sub-king- dom in his animal kingdom, for the reception of it, and the Mo- nadaires, aud the Corallines, under the name of HETEROMORPHES or Hererozoarres, from their irregular shape. But it unfortu- nately so happens that the sponges and corallines have very little affinity with the monadaires or acrita of Macleay, which are free animals almost entirely formed of cellular substance, without any visible fibres or bony structnre. |
Lamarck, in consequence of the similarity remarked by Ray and Pallas of this genus to alcyonium, places it next to that genus and thus characterizes it in the Annales du Museum and in his Histoire: Polyparium polymorphum, fixum, molle, gelatinosum et subirritabile in vivo. Exsiccatione, tenax, flexile, porissimum, aquam respirans.
Gray on Sponges. 49
Anis, Fibre innumerz, cornea, flexiles reticulatim contexta et con- пеха. Crusta gelatine subviva fibras, vestiens fugacissima in po- lypario e mari emerso partim elapsa evanida, Polypi ignota ; ob- - serving at the same time that he considers them as the most imper- fect, and in fact the end of animated nature ; but his idea of the similarity of this genus to Alcyonium must have been caused by ћіѕ only having been able to compare dried specimens, for when these two genera are fresh and alive they are exceedingly different, the one offers a fibrous mass covered with a slippery gelatinous mucus, like the white of egg, without any traces of organization; while the Alcyonium, on the contrary, offer a more or less solid mass sus- ceptible of slight motion, with distinct regular cells, in which the polypes are contained, and out of which they appear in still water, though indeed when dry the two genera are so similar, that seve- ral of the Alcyonia have been considered as sponges, and vice versa; but Lamarck has, I believe, with very little reason, separated the fresh water species and placed them in a different part of his system, near the Tubulariz.
And again at the beginning of this century, we have such men as Targioni, Tozetti, and Spalanzani returning to the old doc-. trine, and persisting in regarding the sponges as belonging to the vegetable kingdom, to which theory, as I have before stated, La- mourous appears to incline. Some chemical zoologists have classed the sponges with the. animal. kingdom on account of the odour which they emit when they are fresh, and when they are burnt ; but these characters are fallacious, for most of the marine plants emit when burnt an odour analogous to that of animal substances, which appears to originate in the simplicity of their structure and. their habitation. {
With this difference of opinion who can be right ? we have names of ‘equal authority in support of their being vegetables, animals themselves, and the habitatioh of animals! But upon examination. we shall find that there is much more reason to consider them as vegetables, for those who regard them as animals always speak of their being excessively torpid, and indeed so torpid that not one: of them gives us any reason for believing that they have themselves seen them move ; and Lamarck, who considers them as polypiers
Vox. І. D
50 Gray on Sponges.
has not seen the polypes, and appears to have been only lead to that conclusion by a false analogy from his having examined dried
specimens, and there has only been two affinities pointed out with
regard to the animal, the one just noticed, and the other by Blain- ville, which I have remarked on, while they have the general ap- pearance and structure of many marine alge ; and if the marine and the freshwater agree in their manner of growth, there is little doubt but that they must be removed to the vegetable kingdom.*
Walking one day on the bank of the Thames, when the tide was’ very low, I observed a quantity of a green substance on the shore ` far from the bank, just above Kew bridge, which on examination proved to be a freshwater sponge ; having collected a considerable quantity I brought it home, when on putting it in water a num- ber of green granules were washed out, which came more plenti- fully when the sponge was squeezed, and left only a light coloured. very brittle fibrous substance; there were a few partly decayed leaves at the bottom of the basin, on which the green granules fell. Being called away I left them there for a day or two, when on my next examination I found they had formed a more velvety mass,
through which visible fibres were shooting, which gradually en- larged, thus growing entirely after the manner of vegetables ; the granules were very minute, and I thought had all the appearance of the genera of Alge.
I have very little doubt that if the mucilaginous substance of the marine sponge be examined, it will be found to contain similar grains, but not having the opportunity of going to the sea side since making the above observation, I have not been able to verify my idea; I hope, however, that some person near the coast will examine the fact, so as to settle this long doubtful point, and thus greatly assist the possibility of arriving at a natural arrangement, in which either the introduction of an heterogeneous body, or the ab- sence of an analogue, is the object of great consideration. But
* Especially Ulva diaphana, which has been considered as an Ulva by many, as Fucus by Hudson, and sponge by Parkinson, and as alcyonium by Gmelin,’ &c. with a description of its polypi; but lately formed into a genus by Lamou-. roux under the name of Alcyonidium; it certainly has no polypes; | for I found it, in abundance at Sheerness. 1
Gray on Sponges. 51
these are not the only substances which should be removed from the animal to the vegetable kingdom, for the whole of the Poly- piers calciféres, of Lamourouz, (except perhaps acetabularia) are equally of vegetable origin, as well as several of the Alcyonia; for in fact the zoophites have been a receptacle for every simple organ- ized substance which naturalists did not exactly know where to place, as we may observe by Savigny having removed several of the latter genus to Mollusca. With regard to the structure of this curious tribe, it appears that Ellis regarded the fibres as tubular, and Lamouroux in his character has ** jamais tubuleuse," but upon two species figured by the former author he observed, that the C. oculata is formed of reticulated fibres, and the other (C. urens) of fascicules of spicula, and from these observations he appears to have formed his character in the manuscript of his zoophytes, which was published by Solander ; all the other authors have re- garded them as a reticulated fibrous mass, covered with a jelly- like substance ; and Lamarck, in speaking of the axis and crust appears to refer to the same substances, he separates this family into three genera, on account of their structure: first, the spon- gilla, or freshwater species, which he regards as consisting only of fibres ; secondly, the Tethya, which has a small quantity of gelatinous crust, and the fibres rather tangled and radiating toward the circumference, and the Spongia he thinks only differs from the alcyonia in having a slimy and deciduous crust, but on examining the sponges which have come under our observation, (not a small number of species) they all appear to be essentially formed after the same manner, that is to say, of longitudinally placed transpa- rent fusiform spicule, which vary considerably like the species, in size and iu the closeness of their connection, for in those species that appear to be fibrous, the fibres are composed of spiculz, unit- ed together by a cartilaginous substance*, and the Spongia tomen- tosa, which is the one said to be formed of bundles of spiculz, by Ellis, if it be carefully examined, by breaking it from the centre of the base to the circumference, the spicula will be found to be disposed and slighty united into fibres, leaving cells; but
* Which fibres in some of the species are so small that the spicule are not to '
be discovered without the assistance of a high magnifying power. D2
52 Gray on Sponges.
when it is broke transversely it appears to be formed irregularly ; and in the Tethya the spicule are very large, and are felted to- gether, with their points towards the surface, into a hollow sub- globular form, so that it is in fact originally a tubercle, formed of one series of spicule, which from the intervention of new spicule between the old ones, increases in diameter, and thus produces the central space. The spicule of species which I examined had the base slightly cut into two or three radiating processes.
Notwithstanding I so strongly urge the placing of this family amongst the Algz, yet I own that I do not know any exactly simi- larly formed yegetable*, although they agree more with them than any known animals; in fact they appear from their internal struc- ture to approach some of the acicular crystalline substances of the mineral kingdom.
* Except, perhaps, from the description, Echinella acuta of Lingby, which appears to be similar, and his figure of the granule, as he calls them, corresponds with the spicule of several sponges, except that I have not observed any trans- verse lines in them, but there has been a difficulty to which kingdom this genus belongs ; it is now almost generally considered as a vegetable.
Arrt. IV. Description of a new species of Emarginula. By Tuomas BELL, Esq. F. L.S.
EwanciNurnA. Lamarck.
Rosea. E. testa ovatá, cancellatá, epidermide ,fusco indutá, in- tus rosea; vertice acuto, valde recurvo vel subinvo- luto ; margine fisso.
This shell is readily distinguished from E. Fissura by the greater curvature of the apex, by being at least as high as it is long, and by the delicate rose colour of the inside in the adult. "There is a white line within the shell, running from the fissure to the apex, formed by the gradual obliteration of the fissure, as the shell is in- creased. "The animal does not appear to differ from that of E. Fissura. ;
Found in Poole harbour, where I took three specimens of dif- ferent sizes, last autumn, in dredging. Plate 4, fig. 1.
Plate IV.
Zoological Journal
"uy i RT
P А
15
Кре ЧЧ ВОЛН -—"—————— dv "————w—— ———"-—— —————Pr—OT—"
rh Aur. ë
T
Sowerby on the Lamarckian Naiades. . 53
А вт. V. ` Description of a new species of Гваріма.
Tropina Nitotica. Р” Audebard.
I. testa crassiuscula, transversim elongata, anticé attenuata ; posticé producta, latiore ; margine cardinali subarcuato edentulo, sub umbonibus irregulariter et obsoleté subundulato: margine ba- sali sub-emarginato. Тар. 2.
: Diam. 1:6. Length2:1. Breadth 5:6. From Senaar. Mr. Cailliaud.*
In general form the present shell very closely resembles I. elon-
gata, figured in Sowerby's Genera of Shells, No. 7, but its hinge margin is not crenulated or dentated. Our specimens of this valu- able shell were sent to England by the learned author of the Mol- ]usques terrestres et fluviatiles. . Shell rather thick, transversely elongated, anterior side atte- nuated, posterior produced, broader; hinge line rather arched, . without teeth, obsoletely and irregularly undulated beneath the umbones: base slightly emarginate,
* See Bulletin general des annonces et des nouyelles scientifiques, 10th ° Jivr. p. 45.
1
Amr. VI. Some observations on the Lamarckian Naiades,* and the propriety of uniting them all under one generic name. Ву. С. B. Sowersy, F. L.S.
- The difficulty of ascertaining to which genus of Lamarckian JNaiades certain species belong, arises from the very general si- milarity in form, colours, eroded umbones, compound muscular impressions, and also in the structure and habits of the animals which inhabit them: in fact, an examination of a sufficient num- ber of species will prove that no dependance can be placed upon the characters by which authors usually attempt to discriminate
-* Naiades, a term used in Botany, and therefore, perhaps, not convenient in Zoology.
54 Sowerby on the Lamarckian Naiades.
between these genera, and that the transition from one to another is so gradual in some instances, and so strongly marked in others, that it is not surprising that authors who having only met with cer- tain species, and not being aware of such intermediate links, should have considered them as the types of new genera. That this has been the case with Lamarck's lridina, is abundantly proved, as we think, by the species which we have published in the present number, which being destitute of the remarkable cre- nulations that according to Lamarck form the principal character of that genus, should have been considered as an Anodon, did it not possess all the other peculiarities of Lamarck’s Iridina exotica, and of ourl. elongata. Such characters should not therefore be ele- vated to the rank of generic distinctions. Alasmodonta* of Say, Dipsas of Leach, Hyria and Castalia of Lamarck, are all sepa- rated from Unio, as we are about to demonstrate, upon characters of no more importance, because upon such characters we should be warranted in raising alinost every strongly marked species into a genus. :
It is remarkable that all the authors we have consulted have ob- served how nearly related all the genera that have hitherto been formed of the Naiades are, and also the similarity of their ani- mals ; Lamarck particularly observes that the Anodontes are so nearly related to the Uniones that they could not be distinguished except by the characters of the hinge ; but we shall see that there are Naiades not only without teeth, as Anodon; with а crenulated hinge line, as Iridina ; with wings and elongated hinge teeth and lateral teeth, as Hyria ; and with short hinge teeth and lengthened lateral teeth, as Unio : but also that there are others, with small undulations at the hinge, ( Unio Anodontina Lam. | 4nodon rugo- sus Swains.) intermediate between Anodon and Unio: with scarcely any appearance of crenulations along the hinge line, ( Iridina Ni- lotica) intermediate between Anodon and lridina: with hinge teeth only, (.4lasmodonta of Say and Unio glabratus ? Sow.) inter- mediate between Unio and Anodon: with a large wing and no teeth, ( 4nodon alatus, Sow.) between Hyria and Anodon: with a wing and short hiuge teeth, ( Unio alatus auct.) between Unio
* More correctly Alasmodon.
Sowerby on the Lamarckian Naiades. ‘55
and Hyria: with two wings and a lamelliform tooth on each side the umbo, (Dipsas of Leach) between Anodon and Hyria: and with lateral teeth and rather elongated cardinal teeth, (Castalia ambigua, Lam.) between Unio and Hyria. The same shades of difference occur also in the forms of the shells as well as in their thickness; but in these respects, as well as in the thickness of their hinge teeth, each species appears to be subject to very great variation, for which reason we shall not enter further into particulars. Moreover, we think we have already said enough to prove that unless it be thought wise to elevate cach of the peculiar sorts we have mentioned, and many more, into distinct genera, it will be positively necessary to unite them altogether under one generic appellation : we propose Unio as equally appli- cable to all ; гапа we here annex a tabular view of the divisions of the genus as far as our observations have pointed them out ; further divisions may probably be found useful in arranging the species, which may arise out of the oblique or straight position of the hinge teeth: and such other characters as are not subject to variation or purely specific. | UNIO.
{ hinge line simple Anodontes, Lam,
slightly crenulated е ве TM н Irid, Nilotica, Sow. winged | —— ——— crenulated Iridinz species, without teeth Anodon rugosus, Sw. undalated se anodontina. Lam. Anodon alatus, Sw. & Lam, A. crassus, Sw.
lamelliform lateral teeth only. Dipsas, lamelliform cardinal and lateral teeth. Hyriz,
L winged
winged lamelliform:lateral and short cardinal POP I0 MON ааыа Unio alatus, Sw, : B lamelliform lateral and nearly obso- with teeth eye lete cardinal teeth. ........... Unio fragilis, Sw,
lamelliform lateral & long cardinal teeth, Castalia, Lam,
winged lamelliform lateral & short cardinal teeth ^ Unio. cardinal teeth only. Alasmodontes.
` Mysca of Turton is the same as Unio of Authors: his Unio is synonymous with Alasmodon of Say,
56 | Sowerby oi Helices
„Авт. VII. Descriptions, accompanied by figures of seve + Helices, discovered by Т. E. Bowpicn, Esq. at m Santo.* By С. B. Sowensy, F.L.S.
1. HELIX sub-plicata; testa longitudinaliter subplicath, sub- globosá, anfractibus tribus, ventricosis, superioribus minimis, su- turis distinctis, apertura ampla, orbiculari, peristomate continuo,
_paululim reflexo. Ахїз. 13, diam. 15 unc. Tab. iii, f. 1.
. Shell nearly globose, slightly plicated longitudinally, spire rather prominent ; volutions three, ventricose, increasing rapidly in size ; sutures distinct ; aperture large, orbicular, lip continued all round, a little thickened, and scarcely reflected.
2. Helix punctulata: testa subglobosà, spirà breviusculà, an- fractibus subquinis, ventricosis ; suturis distinctis, depressiuculis ; apertura mediocri, peristomate non continuo, basi reflexo, umbi- licum minimum fere tegente; superficie punctulis minutissimis confertis aspersà. Axis 1, diam. iunc. Tab.iii. f. 2.
Shell nearly globose, with a short spire ; volutions from four to five, ventricose; suture distinct, rather depressed, forming an in- distinct shoulder at the upper part of the volutions ; aperture mid- dling, peristome not continued all round, its lower part reflected
and nearly covering the very small umbilicus. Shell covered al] over with very minute, closely set, raised dots. Colour dull chest- nut, the lower part of the last volution and a nearly central band of a brownish yellow.
3. Helix nivosa; testa subglohosà, striis longitudinalibus exili-
bët ornata, spirà productiore, anfractibus quinis, E u- жш Аны to our readers these descriptions and figures, we beg Her 1 understood as pledging ourselves for the fact of their being all hitherto und) scribed. Mr. Bowdich considers them as new : we believe he is correct; and. they appear to us interesting, we have therefore to express our thanks to f Mr. Bowdich that he has peniitiod us to make use of them ; and also for allow- ing us to make extracts from his manuseript entitled ** Excursions in Madeira and Porto Santo,” in our possession. We have examined De Ferussac's mag- nificent work ** Des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles," and we certainly do not find engravings of any of the above described Helices there, Ep,
Zoological Joumal
from Porto Santo. 57
"turis distinctissimis; apertura orbiculari, peristomate continuo, externo subreflexo, interno incrassato. Axis 3, diam. 1 unc. Tab.
. dii. f. 3.
Shell subglobose, spire rather prominent ; volutions from four to five, ventricose, with numerous slender longitudinal stri ; suture very distinct ; aperture orbicular, peristome continuous, the outer -part turned a little back, the inner thickened. Pale testaceous with flakes of white.
"4. Helix mitidiuscula ; testa subdiscoideà, exilissimè longitudi- maliter striata, ѕріга prominulà, anfractibus senis, ventricosis, ni- - tidiusculis ; suturis distinctis : apertura sub-orbiculari, peristo- mate continuo, simplice; umbilico mediocri. Axis 3, diam. 5 unc. Tab. iii, f. 4.
Shell ffattish with a somewhat prominent spire consisting of six volutions, which are ventricose, rather shining, and very finely striated longitudinally ; suture strongly marked ; aperture nearly orbicular, with a simple peristome ; umbilicus not very large. Our specimen is white with 3 brown bands on the upper half of the last volution. \
5. Helix Porto-sanctane ; testa feré discoideà, umbilicatà, lon- gitudinaliter striatà; spirà subprominulà; anfractibus quinis, ventricosis ; suturis distinctis, aperturà suborbiculari ; peristomate continuo, reflexo, prominente. Axis 3, diam. 15 unc. Tab. iii. f. 5. ;
Shell almost discoid, umbilicated ; spire rather prominent ; vo- lutions five, ventricose, longitudinally striated ; suture distinct ; aperture rather elliptical; peristome continuous, reflected, promi- nent. Two varieties i in colour are figured, one nearly white, with very light brown bands, and the other tawny with three darker bands. The animal is rather short and of a pale reddish grey colour. 4 \
6. Helix Tectiformis; testa spirà brevi, rotundatà ; anfractibus subseptenis, suprà leviter striatis, medio carinatis, carinà deflexa ; subtus umbilicatà subdepressa, anfractu ultimo rotundato, granu- lato; apertura elongatà, subquadratà, labio subtus expanso, re- flexo. Axis $, diam. iunc. Tab. iii, f. б.
This shell is naturally divided into two parts by the carina of
58 Sowerby on several new
the middle of its volutions ; the upper part or spire is rounded ; volutions six to seven, slightly striated ; keel in the middle, turned down; lower part umbilicated, rather depressed, volution: :round- ed, granulated ; aperture Mec a little elongated : lower part of the lip rather spread and turned downwards. шз.
7. Helix bicarinata ; testa subglobosa, spirà hrer ins abio nica ; aufractibus quinque quadratis, medianè carinis duabus, su- periore obtusiusculà: apertura integra, rotunda, peristomate dis- tincto: umbilico parvo. Axis 4i, diam. 2 unc. ' Table iii; f. 7.
A minute species of a rather globular form, with а shortish, slightly conical spire composed of five squarish volutions, having two central carine, of which the upper one is rather obtuse: aper- ture, entire, round, peristome distinct; umbilicus small. The surface is remarkable for being covered with a granular epidermis. ` This and another minute species which we have represented at f. 8 is common at Porto Santo: the latter shell differs from our Н. bicarinata in the absence of the keels, and a little in general form —we have not ventured to name it because it so nearly resembles several other {ninute species that we cannot be quite certain of its characters.
Amr. VIII. Descriptions, accompanied by figures, of se- - veral new species of Shells. By С. B. Sowerny, F.L. S,
poe
1. Bulimus zosfoma ; Testa oblongiusculà, spira brev iuscula, obtusa, anfractibus quinque subventricosis, levitér striatis, subvio- lascente-griseis ; apertura oblonga, longitudine spiram eq ante, intus pallide violaceà, peristomate incrassato, reflexo, continuo, violaceo: aufractu ultimo parte inferiore iutus saturate Mod Axis 22, diam. 11 unc. Тар. у, f. 1.
Shell E ЖОШ with a shortish, obtuse spire of five Mo. what ventricose volutions, of a violet grey colour aud slightly stri- ated; aperture oblong, of the same length as the spire, and of a pale violet colour within, Peristome.thickened, reflected, conti-
M
ll аг
Zoologi eal Journal
Species of Shells. 59
nuous, violaceous: lower part of the last volution within the peris- ` tome. of a deep chestnut colour.
. Only three or four specimens of this shell have been brought to this country, one of which has fallen into our hands. We do not know its locality. ;
2. Bulimus goniostoma ; testa oblong’, turrità, apice obtusius- culo; anfractibus subsenis, castaneis, longiusculis, subventricosis, ad suturas depressiusculis, superficie eleganter confertissimé gras nulosá; apertura oblonga, utrinque acutiusculà, ad basim subca- naliculatà ; peristomate incrassato reflexo, continuo, parte liberà rubrá, columellari albà ; aufractu ultimo ad basim obliqué carinato, umbilicato: umbilicus plicam columellarem internam efformans. Axis 21, diam. iunc. Long. aperture 14, unc. Tab. v, f. 2.
. Avery bad uncoloured figure of this shell is given in Mawe's Travels in Brazil; De Ferussac has named it as above, but зе йо not find a description of itanywhere. From Brazil.
_ Shell oblong, turrited, point rather obtuse : volutions from 6 to 7, of a chestnut colour, rather lengthened, slightly ventricose, a little depressed at the sutures; surface elegantly covered with close-set and very minute granulations : aperture oblong, rather pointed at both ends, the base almost formed into a canal : perise tome thickened, reflected, continuous; all the free part bright red; columellar lip white: last volution obliquely keeled at its base, umbilicated ; umbilicus forming a columellar fold within the mouth.
3. Bulimus odontostoma ; Testa turrita, longitudinaliter ob- liqué striata, striis exilibus, confertis; anfractibus senis, tribus superioribus minimis, rotundatis, levibus; inferioribus subven- tricosis ; suturis distinctis; apertura sinuosà, peristomate reflexo, continuo, integro, distincto, intus dentibus octo instructo, tribus in labio externo, tribus, quorum duo connati, in labio columel- lari, uno in angulo superiore et uno in angulo inferiore: anfractu ultimo bicarinato, carinà superiore minore, angulum inferiorem umbilici parvi, obliqui, efformante. Axis 1455, diam.,*, unc. Tab. у, f. 3.
A few specimens of this new shell have been sent us from Rio Janeiro, where it appears to be exceedingly scarce.
60 Sowerby oz several new Shells.
Shell turrited, with fine close-set, longitudinal oblique striz $ volutions six, the three upper ones small, rounded, smooth; the lower volutions rather ventricose; sutures distinct ; aperture si- nuous, obtusely angulated above and below, peristome reflected, continuous, entire, no part of it adhering to the last volution, hav- ing eight teeth within, three in the euter lip, three, of which two grow together, in the inner lip, one in the upper and one in the lower angle ; last volution bicarinated, the upper carina small, forming the lower angle of the small, oblique umbilicus.
4. Natica patula; Testa suborbicularis, subdiscoidea, spira brevissima, anfractibus quatuor, superioribus feré obtectis, ulti- mo maximo, superné rotundato, subtus rotundato-carinato ; um- bilico patulo, callo columellari spirali, apice planulato: apertura magna, ultimo aufractu superne interrupta, infra obliqué producta.
A single specimen of this shell has been kindly lent to us by Mr. Millard, of Bristol, who is not acquainted with its locality: we have seen another specimen in Mr. De Ferussac's collection, which was brought from South America by M. De Humboldt. |
Shell suborbicular, rather discoid, with a very short spire ; vo- lutions four, the upper ones nearly covered, the last very large, rounded above and its lower edge rather keeled, with a very rounded keel; umbilicus spreading, its columellar callus spiral, flattened at its lower end : aperture large, interrupted at its upper part by the last volution, obliquely produced at the lower part.
5. Melania levissima. "Testa oblonga acute conica, anfractibus septenis, convexiusculis, levissimis, olivaceis, longitudinaliter ins terrupté fusco-fasciatis ; suturis levibus ; apertura suboblonga, su- peme acuta; labio columellari, precipué superné, incrassato.
Shell oblong, acutely conical, whorls seven, slightly convex,
very smooth, olive green, with interrupted longitudinal dark brown bands; sutures smooth ; aperture rather oblong, upper part pointed ; columellar lip thickened, particularly at its upper ex- tremity. l This shell was found in abundance adhering to the stones form- ing the bed of the rivulet (Rio de la Guayra) which runs through La Guayra. Two specimens have been presented to the British Museum, by Dr. N. R. Cheyne. (wus
Zoolo gical Journal.
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Zoological Journal.
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Gray on Balea: > 6l
Авт. IX.. On Balea; by Mr. Jons Ержлвр Gnav.
Oxrx one species of this subgenus has been noticed by De Ferrussac in his Synopsis, where he has placed it in a section with Turbo elongatus Chemnitz, ix. 112. f. 956, which differs in having thé peristome thickened and reflected like the Clausiliz, but has no teeth or clausium.
Barra. Prideaux Mss.
Testa spiralis turrita, anfractibus numerosis adpressis paulatim majoribus, axe (columella) perforato: aperturá sinistrali peris- tomate incompleto, tenui, labio subuniplicato.
Tesia tenui concentricé obsolete sulcatà, epidermide fuscá, levi.
This subgenus forms a very distinct group in the family of the Helices near Clausilia, from which it differs: in the peristome and want of the Clausium.
1. Balea fragilis.
Testa sublineari-ovatà pellucida flavescente.
"Turbo perversus, Lin. Sys. Nat. 1240. ма, ‘Montagu
| Test. Brit..355. Maton Lin. Trans. viii. 181. Dorset. Cat. 51. Turt. Conch. Dict. 226. Dillwyn R. S. 57%
Pupa fragilis: Drap. Moll. (=
. Helix perversa. Ferussac Synop. n. 511.
` Balea lucifuga. Leach Mss.
Icon. List. An. Ang.t. 2. f. 17.2 Schroet. Einl. Conch. t. 1. f.5? Favanne, t. 65.f.E. 4. Mont. +. 11. f. 12! Trans: Lin Soc. viii, t. 5.f.2! Dorset Cat. t. 19. f. 11.
Moss at the root of trees, Europe, Great Britain, Mus. Brit. Sowerby, Nostr. | | Shell spiral, nearly linear ovate, turrited, pellucid yellowish whorles many, obsoletely concentrically furrowed, close pressed, gradually enlarging; columella perforated. Mouth to the left; peristome incomplete, thin, inner lip when perfect witha small pleatlike tooth near the middle, axis +ã, diameter 4; of an inch.
2. Balea Tristensis. lip Л Rhy Т,
62 ‘Gray on Helicina.
Testa subulata ovata, fusca. .
Balea tristensis. Leach Mss. '
Tristan d’ A Cunha. Capt. Carmichael. Mus. Brit. Nostr.
Shell, subulato-ovate reddish brown, axis zê, diameter +; of an inch. A аі
3. Balea ventricosa. Berg ds
Testa lanceolato-ovata, pallide fusca.
Balea ventricosa. Leach Mss. Brit. Mus.
Tristan d A’Cunha. Capt. Carmichael. Mus. Brit. Nostr.
Shell, lanceolato-ovate, pale brown, axis ji, diameter 2, of an inch.
Art. X. Monograph of the Genus Helicina, by Mr. Jonn Epwarp Gray.
Hexicina. Lamarck Sys. but not of De Montford. 7А
Olygyra. Say. Amer. Conch.
Char. dif. Animal unisexuale, capite et disco distinctis, ten- taculis duobus contractilibus, oculis subsessilibus; cavitate pul- monali apertà. Pallii marginibus incrassatis.
Operculo annulato corneo.
Testa spiralis, apertura semi-orbiculatà. Peristomate reflexo columella basi callosa.
` Animal head distinct, beak short, apex two lipped. ‘Tentacula two, filiform, contractile, eyes two, nearly sessile, at the outer base of the tentacula.
Respiratory cavity open, lined by the reticulated pulmonary vessels,
Body spiral. Mantle, edge thickened, free, ventral disk, or sucker tongue-shaped, adductor muscle attached to the columella.
Organs of reproduction distinct, the sexes on separate in- dividuals.
Operculum annular, horny or very thin shelly ; nucleus nearly central, placed rather towards the innerside.
Gray on Helicina. 63
"Shell spiral, depressed, ovate, imperforated, whorls rapidly:
enlarging, the last one slightly keeled; aperture regular, semi- orbicular, Peristome thickened, reflected, base of the columella callous, slightly pitted, becoming smooth.
History. This genus has been involved in considerable (obs
curity, as no- Limean author has taken notice of any of its -
species. Patrick Brownpin his excellent History of the Island of Jamaica,
is, I believe, the P first person who has mentioned any species of ^
this genus; he describes and figures four, under the name ‘of Cochlea; but he appears to have included and figured Nassa
neritina as a'species of the same genus, and d inc wd con-
sidered it as a land shell.
Sloane in his History of the West Indian Islands, has a figure, which may perhaps belong to this genus, but like most of his’
other figures, it is so badly executed, that there is no еши! to which species or even genus it belongs.
- Lister has two figures, which appear to be referable to this: genus, but they both appear to be the same species, at least, it is’
very doubtful to what species the figure quoted by Lamarck’ is to
be referred, if it is not the same as the other. Lamarck in his
Systema, took notice of the above mentioned figure of Lister and
formed a genus of it ; in his Histoire he has added the description
of four species, one of which has not fallen under my notice. _ Say, on the article Conchology, published in the American edi- tion of Nicholson’s Encyclopedia, has described another, which I have not seen. Ferussac has noticed and figured a very remark- able species, under the name of Helix Aureola, which must have arisen from his only having observed dead discoloured individuals, for some of our specimens have the opercula, which is the first time that a shell with a dentated aperture has been found oper- culated ; the species described in "Brown, he appears never to
have seen, as he places them in his catalogue of unknown species.
We have described sixteen species. This genus should be placed near to Cyclostoma, as both genera have the same kind of animal, except that, as de Ferussac
observés, this has the edge of ‘the mantle thickened and formed’
a
64 Gray on Helicinia.
into a collar, which is not the case with Cyclostoma, and they appear to form a family, intermediate between the Helicide and: Turbinide ; it seems to be connected with Cyclostoma by means of C. patulum ; which has a rather semiorbicular mouth, and an. horny operculum apparently spiral.
In consequence of Lamarck refering only to Lister’s figure, which has not been taken notice of by any preceding concholo- gists, most of the English collectors, and even De Montfort, have considered the Trochus Vestiarius, Lamarck’s Rotella, as the type of this genus.
Say, the best of the American conchologists, was not aware of its existence, and therefore formed a new one under the name of Oligyra, for a shell that certainly belongs to this, although I have not seen it. Dr. Leach appears to have been equally ignorant of what Lamarck meant, as in his progress of Zoology, published in Thomson’s Annals of Philosophy, he does not ob- serve that Say’s and Lamarck’s genera were synonymous: but refers the latter to the family Auriculadee, most likely accident- ally; and De Ferrussac, who frequently quotes Say's work, does not take any notice of the synomyn in his Tableau systema- tique.
Division.—lt may be divided into five sections, which are partly artificial; but there are certainly many other species as yet undescribed :—
Peristomate edentulo.
*integro |... **postice subaculeato.
_ ***postice, emarginato v. fisso.
Peristomate sinuato.
*#**columella basi callosa.
Peristomate dentato.
##*®* columella basi concava. ' Shell. Peristome reflected, toothless, entire, operculum not appendiced. А
.1. Helicina pulchella.
Testa (subgloboso-conoidea) lutea, interrupte rufo-tri-fasciata, supra conica, spiraliter albido-rugosa, infra convexa, spiraliter striata,
Gray on Helicina. 65
albida bifasciata, peristomate tenui, reflexo, albo, rufo trimaculato, labio subincrassato, operculo testaceo. _ West Indies, Mrs. Gray. Mus. Brit. Sowerby, Nost.
Shell yellowish, with three interrupted and sometimes obscure reddish bands; above conical, with white rugose spiral lines, whorls rather convex; beneath convex, spirally striated, with two interrupted white bands. Peristome thin, reflected, white, the outer lip much extended, with three reddish spots where the bands end, the under He slightly thickened; operculum very thin, shelly, polished ; axis =4,, diameter 3% of an inch.
2. Helicina neritella. .
Testa levis (depresso-ovata) albida, fusco-bifasciata, supra conica, purpureo-fasciata vel marmorata, subtus convexa ; peristomate in- crassato, reflexo, luteo, columella labiisque callosis, luteis; oper- culum corneum.
Helicina neritella. Lamarck Hist. vi. .103,
Lister Conch. t. 61, f. 59. t. 74, f. 73, junior, boe clon tenui, columelid luteà, foveolatà, West Indies, Barbadoes. Lister.
.. Shell depressed ovate, smooth, whitish (or lilac) with two nar- row brown bands; above conical, variegated or banded with purple ; whorls, scarcely convex; beneath rather convex, peristome thickened, reflected, yellow, columella and inner lip thickened, | yellow, inside white with purplish bands, operculum horny, brown with a white shelly edge on the inner side; axis 4, diameter Z, of an inch. | | When AR it is entirely purplish, with a few obscure darker bands, the lips are thin, and-the columella is callous, yellow, with a small pit; when bleached the shell is white with two dark bands. |
This appears, from its ie columella, to be the species de- . -scribed by Lamarck, but his character is very obscure ; like most ‘of the genus, it varies greatly in size. |
3. Helicina fasciata.
. Testa depresso-ovata, albida, levis, tenuis, pellucida; supra con- vexa, interruptè rufo-fasciata ; subtus sub-convexa, rufo lineata, ‘peristomate incrassato, reflexo, albo, columella labiisque callosis, albis; operculo corneo.
Vor. I. E
66 Gray on Helicina.
Helicina fasciata. Lamarck Hist. vi. 103.
West Indies, Porto Rico. Maugé. Mus. Nost.
Shell depressed ovate, whitish, smooth, thin, pellucid ; above convex, with a broad interrupted reddish line, beneath rather convex, with a narrow red line near the upper part. Peristome thickened, white, slightly reflected; columella, base and inner lip thickened, white; inside whitish. Operculum thin, horny, polished ; axis 2,, diameter 3, of an inch.
4. .Helicina substriata.
Testa depresso-ovata lutescente-albida, subcarinata, supra con- vexa, distanter spiraliter substriata, subtus subconvexa, levis; Peristomate incrassato, reflexo (albido?) columella labiisque in- crassatis, callosis, (albidis ?)
Cochlea n. 14. Brown Jam. t. 40, f. 22 West Indies. Миз. Nost з
Shell depressed ovate, yellowish with а white keel-like band on the centre, above convex, with a few distant spiral striæ, be- neath rather convex, smooth ; the peristome thickened, reflected, columella and inner lip callous (white ?)
I have only one specimen of this shell, which is perfectly dis- tinct from all the rest, it appears to be rather worn and bleached, so that the peristome may be yellow, and the strie more distinct, when perfect.
5. Helicina Braziliensis.
'l'esta depresso-ovata (albida ?) spiraliter striata, et minuté con- centricé Caficéllata, supra et subtus convexa; peristomate sub- incrassato, labiis subincrassatis, columella basi excavata, carinata.
Brazil. Mr. G. B. Sowerby.
Shell depressed ovate, (white ?) spirally striated, cancellated with minute close concentric strie, spire convex, beneath rather convex, peristome slightly thickened, reflected, inner lip slightly thickened, the base of the columella with a triangular oct excavation.
Mr. G. B. Sowerby has shewn me many specimens of this shell, and they all agree in the form of the base of the columella, or 1 should have been inclined to consider them as the young of seme other species.
Gray on Helicina 67
` 6. Helicina costata.
Testa depresso-ovata, lutea, spiraliter striato-costata, spirà conicà, subtus subconvexa ; peristomate incrassato subreflexo, luteo, labiis subincrassatis. Y
Shell, depressed ovate, yellow, spirally rib-striated, ribs convex, those of the upper part broadest, becoming smaller and closer near the columella, spire conical, acute, beneath subconvex, peristome slightly thickened and somewhat reflected, yellow ; the inner lip slightly thickened, columella scarcely callous; axis 5, diameter 2, of an inch.
° 7. Helicina viridis.
` "Testa depresso-ovata, angulata, carinata, viridis, nitida, levis, tenuis, carina albido-luteà, spirà convexà ; subtus convexiuscula, peristomate luteo, reflexo, subincrassato, e tenuibus; colu- mella basi callosà, alba.
Helicina viridis. Lamarck, Hist. vi. 103.
Saint Domingo, Lamarck. Cuba, G. je Sowerby. Mus. Sowerby, Goodall. |
Shell depressed ovate, angularly keeled, thin, polished, green, the keel whitish yellow, spiré convex ; beneath rather convex, the peristome scarcely thickened, reflected, yellow, inner lip siye visible, э thin, base of the columella callous, white; axis zo diameter 44 of an inch.
"This Beautifal shell appears. to be a perfect specimen of the ойе described by Lamarck, but is much larger.
** ^ Peristome reflected, columella callous, aperture behind subspinose or sinuated, operculum simple.
8. Helicina aurantia.
Testa sub-depresso-ovata, subglobosa; levis, albido rufescens, unifasciata; peristomate incrassato, reflexo, aurantio ; columellà callosà ; aperture angulo columellari subtuberculato.
West Indies: :
Shell rather depressed ovaté, somewhat’ globular, purplish white, with a narrow reddish brown band a little behind" the centre, so as to revolve near the suture of the spire, and sometimes · afew faint reddish lines near the basé of the columella,’ péristome thickened, reflected, orange red, inner lip slightly thickened, the:
E2
68 Gray on Helicina.
angle of the aperture next the columella callous, produced into a small tubercle ; axis ;3,, diameter -4 of an inch.
9. Helicina rhodostoma.
Testa subdepresso-carinata, punctulata, albida, rufescente mar- morata, carinà albidà ; peristomate incrassato, reflexo, rufo-auran- асо ; angulo columellari producto, spinoso ; columella callosa.
Guadaloupe. Mus. J. Sowerby.
Shell rather depressed, conical, keeled, minutely punctulated and scratched, whitish, marbled with brownish, the keel white, sharp, peristome thickened, especially in the hinder part, much extended and reflected, of a fine reddish orange, slightly pro- duced iu the front part close to the columellar angle into a sharp recurved spine, the columella is callous and of the same colour as the lips; axis 3, diameter 4 an inch.
*** Peristome reflected, simple, columella callous, aperture with a groove and notch or slit at the columellar angle. Opercu- lum horny with a process that fits into the groove.
10. Helicina major.
Testa depresso-ovata subglobosa, fuscesens, levis, spirà convexà ; subtus convexiuscula pallida, peristomate incrassato, albo, reflexo ; angulo columellari obtusé emarginato ; labiis incrassatis pallidis. — Mus. Sowerby. 1
Shell depressed ovate, nearly globular, brownish, smooth, spire convex, upper part purplish, front rather convex, pale, the peris- tome thickened, white, retlected, with а slight blunt notch near the columellar angle, the inner lip thickened, convex, pale; axis
1, diameter 2.
Differs from the following by the lip being more reflected, өг the whorls rounder and smooth.
11. Helicina submarginata. `
Testa depresso-ovata obscurissimè carinata, albido-fusca, con- centricé substriata, spirà convexà, distanter spiraliter substriata ; subtus convexiuscula levigata, peristomate subincrassato parum reflexo, labiis subiucrassatis ; aperture angulo columellari sub- emarginato. |
Shell depressed ovate, very obscurely keeled, whitish brown, rather darker above, concentrically striated, spire convex, very
Gray on Helicina. 69
slightly and distantly, spirally striated ; beneath rather convex, smooth; peristome slightly thickened, and scarcely reflected, inner lip thickened, angle of the aperture next the columella with a slight notch ; axis 55, diameter % of an inch.
12.. Helicina unifasciata.
Testa subdepresso-ovata, obscuré, acuté carinata, albida, fusto
unifasciata, spiraliter subcostata, striata ; spira convexa, conica, subtus convex ; peristomate incrassato reflexo ; aperture angulo columellari obtusé emarginato. - Shell rather depressed ovate, whitish, with a rather sharp keel-like ridge, and narrow brown band round the centre of the last whorl spirally; rather rib-like striated, the stri& convex, rather distant ; spire conical convex ; beneath convex, the peris- tome thickened, reflected, the columellar angle of the aperture with a blunt notch; axis 2,, diameter 45; of an inch.
13. Helicina Brownit.
Testa depresso-ovata, pallide fusca, levis, pellucida, supra con- vexa, subtus convexiuscula, peristomate incrassato, reflexo albo ; columella labiisque subincrassatis, albidis, aperture angulo colu- mellari fisso ; operculo anticé appendiculato, corneo.
Cochlea, n. 11. Brown; Jam. t. 40, f. 1.
West Indies, Jamaica. Brown. Mus. Brit. Sow. Nostr.
_ Shell depressed ovate, pale brown, smooth, pellucid, above convex,
beneath rather convex, the peristome thickened, reflected, white, the columella ‘and inner lip whitish, slightly thickened, the front part of the aperture near the columellar angle with a (spirally) curved slit. Operculum horny with a process fitting the slit.
This very curious shell might, at first sight, appear to form a different genus, but the shape of the aperture of the former sections, shews that the separation would be unnecessary and unnatural.
*+** Peristome reflected, sinuated ; columella callous at the base, operculum simple.
14. Helicina depressa.
"Testa depresso-ovata, pelluida, fusca, tenuissima, spiraliter et concentricé striata, supra subtusque convexiuscula ; peristomate
\
70 Gray on Helicina.
reflexo, incrassato, albo; columella partim callosá, labiis tenuibus, posticé subunidentatis. y
West Indies. Mountains, woods. Mus. Nost.
Shell very depressed, ovate, pellucid, brown, very finely spirally and concentrically striated, above and below rather convex. Pe- ristome thickened, reflected, white, with two sinuations where the teeth are in the next section, base of the columella covered over, but not convex: inner lip thin, with a small tooth at the back angle of the aperture, Axis nearly 4ã, diameter $ of an inch. , FOCUS Peristome reflected, two-toothed: base of: the columella concave, imperforate ; operculum simple.
15. Helicina aureolas
Testa depresso-ovata, spirà conicà, subtus subconyexd, fusca, spiraliter striata, striis albidis, rugosis. Peristomate nbHezoy in- crassato, albo, bidentato ; columella basi concava.
Cochlea n. 12. Brown Jam. t. 40, f. 3.
В. excoriata. 'Геѕќа aurantia vel flava.
Helix aureola. Ferrussac Hist. de Moll..n. 90, tab.
Shell depressed ovate, spire conical, beneath rather convex, brown, finely spirally striated, striae white, rugose; transversely subplicate, peristome thickened, reflected, white; with two teeth, one in the front and one at the base of the aperture, base of the columella concave, imperforate; axis diameter =, of an inch. |
5. 205
This shell is brown when complete, but when the epidermis is worn off it becomes orange or pale yellowish, according to the degree of bleaching to which it has been exposed.
The following species, which certainly belong to this genus, I have not seen, and therefore have copied their descriptions from the work in which they are mentioned.
16. Helicina orbiculata. `
** Shell, sub-globular, spire not prominent, but more than con- vex, lateral line somewhat convex, whorls five, obsoletely striated across, regularly rounded ; colour, pale greenish, yellowish, or slightly tinted with reddish, particularly on the body, and mar- gined above by an obsolete white line, on the middle of the body a white. vitta revolves, sometimes obscure or wanting, aperz
Zoological Journal.
Zoolo gi cal Journal.
Bo CLIPS PP St E pA ЗА
Monograph on the Cypreidew, by Mr. Gray. 71
ture acute above, regularly rounded at the base, and extending from the centre of the revolutious or base of the column, to an equidistance between the base and. apex of the spire, base of the columella slightly projecting into am obtuse angle; exterior = kno reflected, length 4 of an inch. Animal pale, rostrum and tentacula blackish, operculum simple, not spiral, yellowish brown, minutely granulated.” Oligyra orbiculata. Say Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 283. Amer: Conch. | East Florida. Say. Helicina striata. _ Testa depresso-ovata, tenuis, subpellucida, obliqué striata, albi- da; columella lutescente, labro margine subreflexo. Lamarck . Hist. vi. 103. Porto Rico. Maugé. Diameter five lines,
Ант. XI. Monograph on the Cypræideæ, a Family of T estaceous Mollusca; by Mr. Joun Evwarp Gray.
Сүрвжїриж.
Concha: Martial. Concharum Veneris pars, Lister Conch, Por- cellana. Gualtier. Martini.
Cyprearum et Bullarum pars, Linn. Partie des Buccinoidés, Cuvier. Partie des Sipbonobranches, Dumeril.. Goldfuss. Pars tie des enroulées, Lamarck. Partie des apomastomes enroulées, Ferussac, Angyostomes involvés, Bluinville.
Cuar. Bat Animal, anisexuale, capite et disco distinctis. Ten- taculis duobus:conico-subulatis, oculis sessilibus ; branchiis pec- tinatis, pallio margine reflexo; operculo mullo. Тезій non sym- metrica subinvoluta demum corticatà. Apertura elongata, lineari extremitate u raque canaliculatà.
ANIMAL unisexual, head distinct, tentacula two, conical, awl shaped, eyes. two, sessile; at the external angle of the base of the tentacula.
Respiratory cavity open, over the back of the neck; gills in a
79 - Monograph on the Cypraidew, by Mr. Gray.
longitudinal comb-like series on the inside of the columella or left side of the mantle, edge of the mantle forming a short siphon at each end of the aperture of the shell.
Mantle, edges enlarged, wing-like, reflected over the back of the shell and depositing its last coats, the lines of union of the reflexed portions forming the dorsal line of the shell.
Ventral disk or sucker tongue-shaped, adductor muscle attached to the columella. Operculum, none.
SHELL, oval or oblong, becoming covered with a fine, shelly, highly polished, or variously striated coat, deposited by the re- flexed lobes of the mantle, leaving a dorsal line-or groove.
Shelly cone, whorls very rapidly enlarging, revolving nearly on the same plane, so as to exhibit none, or only a small, concave, flat or convex spire.
Aperture longitudinal, with a channel or groove at each end. Inner lip flattened or rather concave in front, smooth or be- coming plaited, outer lip becoming involute, thickened, plaited.
The shell alters its appearance considerably, according to the age of the individual, and exhibits three very distinct stages. In the young or first stages, which are figured in Ency. Method.t. 349, f. а. b. Mus, Gotwald, viii. t. 53, 0. e. 65, a. f. 66, a. c. the shell is generally smooth, of a plain greyish colour, or with three longitudinal bands, and the upper part of the inner lip is smooth, convex, the lower part flat or concave; the outer lip thin. In the second stage, the shell begins to assume more the character of the genus, as the outer lip begins to be inflected or rather thick- ened, and approaches nearer the perfect appearance of the species as the second coat of colour is deposited; but differs from it in the want of thickness of the shell and the spire being more dis- tinct, and in the want of the dorsal line, which is usually distinct in the third or perfect state, where the last coat has been de- posited, and the aperture is more plaited on both sides.
The colouring, or at least, the disposition of the colouring here, is a much more certain characteristic of species, than either the general outline of form or size, the latter of which is exceedingly various. In this family 1 have often observed full-grown speci- mens of C. arabica from one to three inches long ; this peculiarity
Monograph on the Cypræideæ, by Mr. Gray. 73
is attempted to be explained by Lamarck and others, who assert that when the animal has formed a completé shell, as it has not the faculty of enlarging its size, it is obliged to quit its shell and form a new one, in the same manner as the Annulosa cast their skins, and by that means the same animal forms many shells; but I believe there is not the slightest ground for this notion, for these several reasons ; 1. If it happens in this genus, it certainly should do so also in several of the other genera, as the Strombi &nd Pterocerata, where the mouth is fully formed in the small shell, and there is no. appearance of varices in the large speci- mens. 2. The muscular attachment of the shell to the animal, is one of the best conchological characters that. distinguish this class of animals, from the shelly and sandy cases of the Annulosa ; as the Dentalia and Sabelle, where the animal can withdraw themselves at pleasure ; but in the Mollusca I do not think it pos- sible to be done, but by such force as would destroy the individual. 3. There is no analogy between the crust of the crustacea and ` Annulosa, aud the shells of Mollusca, so that it is false reasoning to judge of the possibility of one from the other.
. History. — Rondeletius mentions 4 species. Gesner 2. Aldrovandus 13. Linneus 51. Gmelin 126, many of which are twice and three times over, Dillwyn, R. S. 81. Lamarck. Ann. Mus. 96. Hist. 98. ;
- Geographical Distribution.—They are common to the old aud new continent, but generally confined to.the warmer climates ; there are but six or seven species found in the European seas.
- Afinity.—This family appears to be allied to the sub-family Cassideee amongst the Buccinoidez, by means of the Cassis Testi- culum, of which Lamarck observes, *© ce casque a un peu l'aspect de certains Cyprza;" but the affinity is not slight, for in the shape and form of the aperture, which has a groove or canal at each end, both of the lips plaited, and the front part of the columella flat- tened it accords with those Cyprææ ; but the outer lip is not in- flected, nor is the back of the shell covered with a china-like coat, but with epidermis, and the canal in front of the aperture is recurved. The Ovule on the opposite side the family, have certainly great affinity to the Bullides, as is pointed out by Linueus, who
74 Monograph on the Cypreidee, by Mr. Gray.
places them 211 in that genus, but Bulla differs most essentially: from them ; in the animals by the position of their branchiz, and: their being half hermaphrodite, and in the shell by the aperture being rouuded and quite entire at each end, and the edges not being thickened, nor the back covered with a shelly coat, for the shell.is here covered with the soldered reflected lobes of the mantle; the connection is most apparent by means of Ovula patula. and Bulla Naucum, in the latter of which there are some slight appearances of a curved canal at each end of the aperture, as in the character of the Cypreidez, but it has not the enamelled back.
This family has some analogy in their polished coats, first, to the Marginelle, which induced Montagu to call a species of that genus, Cyprea Voluta; and indeed such is the affinity be- - tween the young of this species, which has been called Bulla diaphana, that Dillwyn has considered it as the young of С. Europea; in which Montagu also appears to have coincided, until he observed a totally different construction in the animal; but I believe that M. persicula is the most analogical species. of this genus; and secondly to the Olive which differ essentially in having an operculum, and all the characters of the Buccinoidee.
The natural arrangement of this family into sections, I almost despair. of, for I have had most of the species lying before me, and have examined them day after day for a fortnight, but have not yet succeeded to my entire satisfaction. I have placed them as well as I can for the present, and shall therefore, if I am fortunate enough to discover a better arrangement, lay it before the public; doubtless when further discoveries in this extensive genus shall have rendered our knowledge somewhat more per- fect, such an arrangement will be more easily attainable; as we observe in the late discovery of a new species, which unites the costated Cypree with the Ovule, by having the smooth young state, and the costated shelly coat of that division ; but differs from them in the want of the thickened, toothed inner lip, «е thus supplies the link which was wanting.
This family is divisable into three genera, thus:
Cyrrza. Shell, when young, polished, inner lip — plaiicd, outer lip involute plaited.
Monograph on the Cypreidee, by Mr. Gray. 75
CxPRMOVULA. Shell, when young, polished, inner lip simple, euter lip involute, plaited, back costato-striate.
Ovura. Shell, when young, striated, inner lip simple, smooth, outer lip involute, back polished.
CYPR/EA.
«Shell smooth, polished. . *Columella front deeply concave.
**Columella front nearly even.
***Shell, edge above denticulated, columella front even. ****Shell, back ribstriated or tubercled, columella front concave. . FCYPREE Ver, Shell, when young,smooth, banded; when per- fect, polished, smooth, edge entire, columellar front deep, distinctly concave, mostly plaited, aperture rather dilated, concave. :
Cyprea Princeps. Testa orbiculato-ovata, gibba, albida, dorso lineolis fuscis ornato, lineà dorsali centrali, simplici, basi planulato, lateribus rotundatis, gibbis, pallide incarnatis, fusco-maculatis,
. extremitatibus concentricé fusco-lineatis.
Persian Gulph. “Mus. Sowerby.
Shell orbicular, ovate, gibbous, white, back diano iid with variously curved, brown lines; on the upper part of the sides near the centre, are two somewhat square brown blotches, the dorsal line is nearly central, straight ; sides rounded, gibbons, pale flesh colour, with various sized brown spots, the extremities mar- gined, rather produced, with several concentric brown lines, base white, rounded, slightly shelving towards the mouth. Teeth | of the inner lip small, close ; columellar front deep; plaits, of the outer lip rather larger, more distant ; whorls partly visible, conical, convex ; inside white,—axis 4, diameter 3 inches.
+1 have only seen one specimen of this beautiful shell, which is called by Humphrey the Brindled Cowry from the Persian Gulph, :
¦ It- appears intermediate һе enn. ths Maps and the Tigers.
Cyprea Mappa. `
Testa ovato-elliptica, albida ipl flavescens, lineolis fulvis, guttis- que albidis sparsis ornata ; liueà dorsali гатоѕа ; basi plana; mar- ginibus rotundatis incrassatis, guttatis; dentibus luteis.
a.—Testa flavescente, lineolis fulvis ornaté, linea dorsali adr gusta laterali, , lateribus brunneo-subguttatis..
76 Monograph on the Cypreidea, by Mr. Gray.
Cyprea Mappa. Lin. Sys. Nat. 1173! Martini p. 340. Born. Mus. 172. Schroet. Einl. p. 95. Gmelin 3397! Schreiber’s Conch. 53. Lamarck dnn. Mus. xv. 449! Hist. vii. 378 Dillwyn, R. S. 438!
Icon. Rumph.t. 38, f. B.! Pet. Amb. t. 16,f. 2. Argenville t. 18, f. B. Seba iii. t. 76, f. 3, 13,17. Knorr. t. 26, f. 3. Fav- anne t. 29, f. A. 3. Martini t. 25, f. 245, 246. Епсу. Meth. t. 353, f. 1.
b. rosea. Testa alba lineolis brunneis ornata, lined dorsali lata centrali, lateribus purpureo-guttatis, fauce aurantia.
Cyprea Mappa 8. Born.l.c. Sow. Genera!
Inhabits Indian Ocean. African Seas, Linneus. Amboyna, Rumphius. В. Mus. Sowerby.
Shell ovate, elliptical convex, yellowish, back ornamented with fulvous lines, leaving pale roundish spots, dorsal line branched, sinuated, with brown lunate spots at the side of the spire, the base flat, margin at the sides rounded, at the extremities slightly pro- duced, spotted with brown; teeth yellowish, of the inner lip small, close; columella deep, rather concave, plaited; of the outer larger and more distant; spire visible, conical, convex ; inside white; axis 3, diameter 2 inches.
This shell varies considerably in being white, with the lines reddish brown, and the dorsal line broad and placed on the side, the base and sides spotted with purple, the teeth and mouth bright yellow, and the extremities pale violet.
Cyprea arabica.
Testa ovato-elliptica, albida, lineolis fuscis guttisque albidis sparsis ornata, linea dorsali simplici; basi incarnata planulata ; lateribus incrassatis, fusco maculatis, obsolete angulatis; dentibus fuscis. |
Cyprza arabica, Lin. Sys. Nat. 1173. Martini f. 398. Schroet. Einl.f. 95. Inn. Bau. Conch. 5. Schreibers Conch. 54.
a. arabica. Testa lineolis distinctis subrectis fuscis ornata.
C. arabica. æ. Born. Mus. 173. Gmelin 3398.
C. arabica, Lamarck Ann. Mus. xv. 449. Hist. vii. 378. Dillwyn R. S. 438.
Icon. List. Conch. 658, f. 3. Rumph. t. 38. f. т. Gualtier
Monograph on the Cypraidew, by Mr. Gray. 77
t. 16, f. у. Knorr. iii. t. 12, f. 2. vi. t. 20, f. 2. Martini i, t. 31, f. 328. Ency. Meth. 552, f. 1,2.
b. intermedia. Testa lineolis subconfluentibus fuscis guttisque irregularibus sparsis ornata ; laterum angulo eminentiore.
C. arabica 8. Lamarck 1. с.
Icon. Argenville Conch. App. t. 2, f. 1. Tavanne t. 29, f. 1, A. 2. Martini t. 31, f. 330, 331. Ency. Meth. 352, f. 5.
c. histrio. Testa lineolis confluentibus fuscis ornata, albido- guttatá, guttis polygonis ; lateribus incrassatis, nigro-maculatis.
C. arabica. B. Born.l.c. Gmelin 3398.
Cyprea Histrio. Mus. Gevers. 404 Gmelin 3403. Lamarck Ann. Mus. xv. 450. Hist. vii. 379. Dillwyn, R. S. 439.
. Cyprea Arlequina. Chemnitz, х. 110.
Cyprza Reticulata. Martyn U. C. t. 15. Gmelin 3420 ! (2).
. Icon. List. Conch t. 659, f. 3. a. Rumphius t. 39, f. В. (2.) Petiver. Amb. t. 16, f. 3. Gaz t. 53, f.6. Knorr. vi. t. 16, f. 1. Chemnitz x. t. 145, f. 1346, 1347.
d. depressa. Testa subdepressa, lineolis confluentibus fuscis, ornatá, albido-guttatà, guttis rotundatis, regularibus, marginibus tumidis.
Ency. Meth. t..351, f. 1. a. b.
2. Junior. Testa ovata, ccerulescente, sub-4-fasciatá.
_ 3. Incompleta. Testa ovata, glauca, testaceà, undulata, sub- quadri-fasciatá, lateribus submaculatis, extremitatibus fuscis.
Cyprza amethystea. Lin. Sys. Nat. 1174. Martini 1. 343. (3.) Schroeter Einl. 1. 106. Gmelin 3404. D,
Cyprza fragilis. Lin. Sys. Nat. 1174. (4.) Schroet. Еі. 1. 106. Gmelin 3404.
Icon. List. Conch, t. 662, f. 6. (3). Rumph. t. 39, f. 2. (3). Pet. Amb. t. 16, f. 3. Gaultier t. 16, f. 9. (4.) Knorr, v. t. 25, f.5. Martini 1. t.25,f. 247, 249. Shaw Nat. Misc. xv. t. 648.
4. decorticata. Testa dorso purpureo basi albida nigro-macu-, lata ; dentibus fuscis.
. List. Conch. t. 679, f. 26. Knorr. iii. t. 2.
5. polita. 'lestà dorso fusco-purpureá, albidoeguttata, basi albidà, nigro-maculata.
6, distorta. Testa ѕріга longè exsertá, сопіса.
78 Monograph on the Cypreidee, by Mr. Gray.
Inhabits the Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Lister. Amboyna, Rumphius. Sunda, Lister, Linneus. Friendly Islands, Martyn. Mus. Brit. Sowerby, Nostr. : "Ts
Sheil ovate, elliptical, white ornamented with brown lines, leaving white, more or less angular or orbicular spots, or forming brown reticulations, the dorsal line simple, mostly central, with a brown lunate spot at the side of the spire, edge thickened, roundish angular, white, yellowish, or purplish spotted with black, base flattish, flesh coloured or white, aperture linear, slightly concave, dilated in front, teeth nearly ‘similar, close, rather narrow, brown, columella deep, flattish, plaited ; spire conical, convex ; inside purplish.—axis 3, diameter 2 inches. `
This species varies exceedingly. 1. in size, the following are the measurements of 3 specimens ; а. axis 1 I, diameter 2; b. axis 1 45,, diameter 1 $; c. axis 3, diameter 2 inches; 2. in shape, being more less margined ; and 3. in colour, the lines being some- times narrow or broad, more or less confluent, they are some- times so much so in the last variety, that the back of the shell appears brown with white spots as in C. cribraria, sometimes obscurely banded.
Cyprea Arabicula. |
Testaovata gibbosa, albido-czrulescens obscuré quinque-fasciata, lineolis fulvis ornata; basi fulvescente, planulatà lateribus, in- crassatis, angulatis, carneis, atro-rubro-maculatis; apertura con- cavà dentibus albidis, eminentibus.
Сургаа arabicula. Lamarck Ann. Mus. xvi. Hist. vii. 399.
Cypræa arabica. Var. Dillwyn, R. S. 438.
2. Incompleta. Testa ссего1еѕсепѕ 3-fasciata, basi fulvà.
Western coast of Mexico, near Acapulco. Humboldt, Lamarck. Mus. Nost, f
Shell ovate, gibbous, whitish blue, obscurely three banded, ornamented with fulvous brown irregular lines, base flattened, edge and inner side of the aperture concave, pale reddish yellow, margin thickened, angular, with largish black purple spots, ex- tremities above brown, slightly produced. Aperture rather broad,
teeth narrow, deep, whitish; columella, base concave, deep, centre’
smoothish, innermost part plaited, spire visible, conical convex, axis 1 inch, diameter 4, of an inch.
Monograph on the Cypreidece, by Mr. Gray. 79
I am not certain that my shell is the same af Lamarck describes, though it agrees with all his characters, for my own has certainly mote affinity to C. Mauritiana than C. arabita. Lamarck observes that the dorsal line is rather branched; in my specimen, which is perhaps not quite so full grown, I cannot observe any. It is in- stantly to be distinguished from all the other Cyprez by its promi- ment spire, flat base, and very deep groves between the hinder teeth.
Qyprea Mauritiana.
Testa ovalo-ovata gibbosa flavescens; fulvo-fusco-reticulata, flavido-guttata, basi plana, nigerrima; lateribus incrassatis angula- tis, nigris; apertura albidà; dentibus obtusis, nigris.
Суртаа Mauritiana, Lin. Sys. Nat. 1176 ; Martini 1, 388, Born. Mus. 180; Schroeter Einl. 1. 107; Gmelin 3407 ; Schreibers Conch. 1. 63; Lamarck Ann. Mus. xv, 449, Hist. 377 ; Dil- wyn R.S. 447.
Icon. Bonnanni Mus. Kirch. iii, f.261! List. Conch. t. 703, J.52! Rumphius t. 58, f.2; Pet. Gaz, t. 96, f.8! Gualtier t. 15. f. S. T.! Seba iii, t. 76, f. 19! Knorr. i. t. 13, #11 ii, 1.97, f. 51 Favanne t. 30, f. Е.</